User Interface

When VECTO starts the Main Form is loaded. Closing this form will close VECTO even if other dialogs are still open.

Main Form
Settings
Job Editor
Aux Dialog
Advanced Auxiliary Dialog
Vehicle Editor
Engine Editor
Gearbox Editor
Graph Window

Main Form

Description

The Main Form is loaded when starting VECTO. Closing this form will close VECTO even if other dialogs are still open. In this form all global settings can be controlled and all other application dialogs can be opened.

In order to start a simulation the Calculation Mode must be set and at least one Job File (.vecto) must added to the Job List. After clicking START all checked files in the Job List will be calculated. From the user interface you can either run the simulation using Vecto 2.2 or Vecto 3.x by clicking the according START button on the left side of the window.

The Main Form includes three tabs as described below:

Job Files Tab
Driving Cycles Tab (only if Batch Mode is enabled)
Options Tab

Job Files Tab

Job Files List

Job files (.vecto) listed here will be used for calculation. Unchecked files will be ignored! Doubleclick entries to edit job files with the VECTO Editor.

All: (Un-)Check all files in Job List. Only checked files are calculated when clicking START.

add Add files to Job List

remove Remove selected files from List

down Move selected files up or down in list

List Options

Save/Load List
- Save or load Job List to text file
Load Autosave-List
- The Autosave-List is saved automatically on application exit and calculation start
Clear List
- Remove all files from Job List
Remove Paths
- Remove paths, i.e. only file names remain using the Working Directory as source path.

START Button

Start VECTO in the selected mode (see Options).

Driving Cycles Tab

Driving Cycle List: The Driving Cycles List is only used in Batch Mode. The same controls are used as in the Job Files List.

Options Tab

In this tab the global calculation settings can be changed.

Declaration Mode: Select either Declaration Mode or Engineering Mode
Write modal results: Toggle output of modal results (.vmod files). Summary files (.vsum, .vres) are always created.

Batch Mode

If Declaration Mode is disabled VECTO can be run in Batch Mode.

Cycle Distance Correction

Toggle Cycle Distance Correction. Always ON in Declaration Mode. Cycle Distance Correction monitors the driven distance in each time step and, if necessary, adds or removes time steps in order to keep the original distance given in the driving cycle.

If enabled the vehicle drives the same distance as given in the driving cycle
If disabled the vehicle travels the same time as given in the driving cycle (Note that distance-based cycles (see here) are always converted to time-based cycles internally)

Use gears/rpm’s form driving cycle

If activated VECTO will use gear and/or engine speed defintions included in the driving cycle (see here).

Shutdown system after last job

If activated VECTO will shutdown the system after the last job was completed. (Can be aborted during 100 seconds before shutdown.)

Output Path (BATCH Mode only)

Select target directory for result files (.vmod, .vres, .vsum)

Create Subdirectories for modal results (BATCH Mode only)

If activated a subdirectory for each job file will be created inside Output Path for modal output.

Controls

New Job File: Create a new .vecto file using the VECTO Editor
Open existing Job or Input File: Open an existing input file (Job, Engine, etc.)

tools Tools

Job, Vehicle, Engine, Gearbox Editor
- Opens the respective Editor
Graph
- Open a new Graph Window
Open Log
- Opens the Log File in the system’s default text editor
Settings
- Opens the Settings dialog.

info Help

User Manual
- Opens this User Manual
Release Notes
- Open the Release Notes (pdf)
Report Bug via CITnet / JIRA
- Open the CITnet/JIRA website for reporting bug
Create Activation File
- Create an Activation File used for Licensing
About VECTO
- Information about the software, license and support contact

Message List: All messages, warnings and errors are displayed here and written to the log file LOG.txt in the VECTO application folder. Depending on the colour the following message types are displayed:

Status Messages
Warnings
Errors
Links - click to open file/user manual/etc.

Note that the message log can be opened in the Tools menu with Open Log.

In addition to the log messages shown in the message list, Vecto 3 writes more elaborate messages in the subdirectory logs. If multiple simulations are run in parallel (e.g., in declartion mode a vehicle is simulated on different cycles with different loadings) a separate log-file is created for every simulation run.

Statusbar: Displays current status and progress of active simulations. When no simulation is executed the current mode is displayed (Standard, Batch or Declaration Mode).

Settings

Description

In the Settings dialog controls general application settings. The settings are saved in the settings.json file.

Interface Settings

Logfile Size Limit [MB]: Whenever the Log File reaches this size it will be restarted. One backup is always stored as LOG_backup.txt. Note: this setting only affects the log-file written by the graphical user interface. The log-files written in the logs subdirectory are not limited by this setting!
File Open Command: This command will be used to open CSV Input Files like Driving Cycles (.vdri). See: Run command
Name: Name of the command as it will be shown in the menu when clicking the button.
Command: The actual command.; Example : If the command is excel and the file is C:\VECTO\cycle1.vdri then VECTO will run: excel “C:\VECTO\cycle1.vdri”

Calculation Settings

Air Density [kg/m³]: The Air Density is needed to calculate the air resistance together with the Drag Coefficient and the Cross Sectional Area (see Vehicle Editor).
Fuel Density [kg/l]: The Fuel Density is used to calculate the l/km results.
CO₂ -to-Fuel Ratio[-]: Mass ratio (kg_CO2 / kg_FC) used to calculate CO₂ emissions.

Controls

Reset All Settings: All values in the Settings dialog and Options Tab of the Main Form will be restored to default values.

Save and close dialog

Close without saving

Job Editor

Description

The job file (.vecto) includes all informations to run a VECTO calculation. It defines the vehicle and the driving cycle(s) to be used for calculation. In summary it defines:

Filepath to the Vehicle File (.vveh) which defines the not-engine/gearbox-related vehicle parameters
Filepath to the Engine File (.veng) which includes full load curve(s) and the fuel consumption map
Filepath ot the Gearbox File (.vgbx) which defines gear ratios and transmission losses
Auxiliaries
Driver Assist parameters
Driving Cycles (not used in Batch Mode)

Relative File Paths

It is recommended to use relative filepaths. This way the Job File and all input files can be moved without having to update the paths. Example: “Vehicles\Vehicle1.vveh” points to the “Vehicles” subdirectory of the Job File’s directoy.

VECTO automatically uses relative paths if the input file (e.g. Vehicle File) is in the same directory as the Job File. (Note: The Job File must be saved before browsing for input files.)

General Settings

Engine Only Mode: Enables Engine Only Mode (Engineering mode only). The following parameters are needed for this mode:

Filepath to the Engine File (.veng)
Driving Cycles including engine torque (or power) and engine speed

Filepath to the Vehicle File (.vveh): Files can be created and edited using the Vehicle Editor.
Filepath to the Engine File (.veng): Files can be created and edited using the Engine Editor.
Filepath ot the Gearbox File(.vgbx): Files can be created and edited using the Gearbox Editor.
Auxiliaries: This list contains all auxiliaries used for calculation. The auxiliaries are configured using the Auxiliary Dialog. In Declaration Mode the set of auxiliaries and their power-demand is pre-defined, depending on the vehicle category and driving cycle. In Engineering Mode the set of auxiliaries can be freely defined. For each auxiliary an Auxiliary Input File (.vaux) must be provided and the driving cycle must include the corresponding supply power. Double-click entries to edit with the Auxiliary Dialog.; Add new Auxiliary; Remove the selected Auxiliary from the list; See Auxiliaries for details.
Cycles: List of cycles used for calculation. The .vdri format is described here. Double-click an entry to open the file (see File Open Command). Click selected items to edit file paths.; Add cycle (.vdri); Remove the selected cycle from the list

Driver Assist Tab

In this tab the driver assistance functions are enabled and parameterised.

Engine Start/Stop: See Engine Start/Stop for details.
Overspeed / Eco-Roll: See Overspeed / Eco-Roll for details.
Look-Ahead Coasting: See Look-Ahead Coasting for details.
Acceleration Limiting: See Acceleration Limiting for details.

Chart Area

If a valid Vehicle File, Engine File and Gearbox File is loaded into the Editor the main vehicle parameters like HDV class and axle configuration are shown here. The plot shows the full load curve(s) and shift polygons. In Declaration Mode the generic shift polygons are shown, not the ones from the Gearbox File.

Controls

New Job File: Create a new empty .vecto file
Open existing Job File: Open an existing .vecto file

save Save current Job File

SaveAs Save Job File as…

Send current file to Job List in Main Form: Note: The file will be sent to the Job List automatically when saved.

veh Open Vehicle Editor

eng Open Engine Editor

gbx Open Gearbox Editor

Browse for vehicle/engine/gearbox files

Save and close file: File will be added to Job List in the Main Form.

Cancel Cancel without saving

Auxiliary Dialog

Description

The Auxiliary Dialog is used to configure auxiliaries. In Declaration Mode the set of auxiliaries and their power demand is pre-defined. The user has to select for every auxiliary the technology from a given list. In Engineering Mode the set of auxiliaries can be specified by the user. Auxiliary efficieny is defined using an Auxiliary Input File (.vaux). See Auxiliaries for details on how the power demand for each auxiliary is calculated.

Settings

Technology: List of available technology for the auxiliary type (declaration mode)

Type: String defining type of auxiliary. Click the arrow to load from a predefined list, however It is not required to use a type from the list.
ID: The ID string is required to link the auxiliary to the corresponding supply power definition in the driving cycle. The ID must contain characters and numbers only (A-Z, a-z, 0-9). The ID is not case sensitive (e.g. “ALT” will link to “Alt” or “alt”, etc.) Example : Auxiliary “ALT” is linked to the column “<Aux_ALT>” in the driving cylce. See Auxiliaries for details.
Input File: Path to the Auxiliary File (.vaux).

Controls

Save and close

cancel Close without saving

Advanced Auxiliary Dialog

Description

In the VECTO Job Editor dialog you need to select “BusAuxiliaries” in the drop down list on the left to configure the advanced auxiliaries.

The Advance Auxiliaries Editor File (.aaux) defines all the auxiliary related parameters and input files like Alternator and Compressor Maps and HVAC steady state model outputs.

The Advance Auxiliaries Editor contains four tabs/sub-modules where the different advanced auxiliary types can be configured:

General

Currently empty – reserved for potential future expansion.
Electrics

The “Electrics” tab defines various parameters for electric auxiliaries used on the vehicle.
Pneumatics

The “Pneumatic” tab defines various pneumatic auxiliaries data and pneumatic variables
HVAC

The “HVAC” tab defines the steady state output values, which can also be loaded via the Steady State Model File (.AHSM)

Important notes

Note that the cycle file name used should ideally respect the following syntax to be correctly associated with the pneumatic actuations map (.apac), otherwise the number of actuations will be set at 0 by default:

“AnyOtherText _X_Bus.vdri“, with”X" = “Urban”, “Heavy urban”, “Suburban”, or “Interurban”
“AnyOtherText_Coach.vdri”

Some flexibility in syntax is allowable (the model looks for ‘Bus’, ‘Coach’, ‘Urban’, etc. in the file name), meaning that the standard default cycles are fully/correctly supported. However, for newly created cycles (i.e. for use in Engineering Mode) it is recommended to follow the above convention to guarantee correct functionality.

File Format

The file uses the VECTO JSON format.

The new file types have also defined to support the new Advanced Auxiliaries module in VECTO include:

File EXT NAME	Storage Type	Description
.AAUX	JSON	Overall configuration information for Electrical, Pneumatic and HVAC. Top of the tree for Advanced Auxiliaries
.AALT	CSV	Advanced Combined Alternators: Contains combined map plus source maps.
.ACMP	CSV	Advanced Compressor Map.
.APAC	CSV	Pneumatic Actuations Map: Stores number of actuations per cycle
.AHSM	JSON	Stores Steady State Model results, and also the configuration which resulted in the final result. UI to calculate various heat/cool/ventilate properties resulting in Electrical and Mechanical Power as well as cooling based on environmental conditions.
.ABDB	CSV	Bus Parameter Database: Contains a list of the default parameters for different buses.
.AENV	CSV	Stores a number of environmental conditions to be used by HVAC model when in batch-mode.

Electrical Auxiliaries Editor

Description

The “Electrics” tab defines various parameters for electric auxiliaries used on the vehicle:

Powernet Voltage [locked field/fixed value]
Alternator Map, including filepath to the new Combined Alternator Map (.AALT) file

Files can be imported (blank field)/the Combined Alternator Map editor opened (file present) by clicking on the ‘browse’ button adjacent to the “Alternator Map” text box.
Alternator Pulley Efficiency [locked field/fixed value]
Door Actuation Time(S) [locked field/fixed value]
Stored Energy Efficiency [locked field/fixed value]
Smart Electrics [On/Off]

Smart electrics are enabled by checking the “Smart Electrics” box
Electrical Consumables

The “Electrical Consumables” table contains a list electrical equipment that place demand on the engine. Check boxes enable the user to select whether the energy demanded by each consumable is included in the calculation of the base vehicle. The user can modify only the number of consumables of each type installed on the vehicle*. The Nominal Consumption (amps) for each consumer, and the percentage of time each consumer is active during the cycle are locked default values as agreed with the project steering group.
Note: for certain fields the allowable values are also controlled/prescribed according to the requirements of the project steering group.

Results Cards

Upon activation of Smart Electrics using the check box, the user may enter Result Card values according to the methodology proposed by the steering group. Until the certification procedure to determine the correct values is agreed, it is recommended to use the following default values:

Example Default Results Card values

Result Card: Idle
Amps	SmartAmps
40	0
50	0
60	54
70	64
80	30

Result Card: TractionON
Amps	SmartAmps
40	0
50	0
60	83
70	94
80	45

Result Card: Overrun
Amps	SmartAmps
40	0
50	0
60	172
70	182
80	90

Default Values

The following table provides a summary of the default values that are populated whenever a new advanced auxiliaries (.AAUX) file is created from scratch (nominal consumption and % active are always fixed defaults, so are not shown). The table also indicates the editable/default status of the relevant parameters in the VECTO UI in Engineering mode, and the recommended status in Declaration mode (not currently implemented). The default values / parameter status has been agreed with the project steering group.

Default parameter values and editable status for the Electrical module

General Inputs

Category	Name	Default value	Engineering	Declaration
Powernet Voltage	Powernet Voltage	28.3	Locked default	Locked default
Alternator Map	Alternator Map	blank	Open/editable	Open/OEM data
Alternator Pulley Efficiency	Alternator Pulley Efficiency	0.92	Locked default	Locked default
Door Actuation Time (s)	Door Actuation Time (s)	4.0	Locked default	Locked default
Smart Electrics	Smart Electrics	No (/Yes)	Open/editable	Open/OEM data

List of Electrical Consumables

Category	Name	No. in Vehicle, Default Value	Engineering	Declaration
Doors	Doors per vehicle	3	Open/editable	Open/OEM data
Veh Electronics &Engine	Controllers, Valves, etc	1	Locked default	Locked default
Vehicle basic equipment	Radio City	1	Open/editable	Open/OEM data
Vehicle basic equipment	Radio Intercity	0	Open/editable	Open/OEM data
Vehicle basic equipment	Radio/Audio Tourism	0	Open/editable	Open/OEM data
Vehicle basic equipment	Fridge	0	Open/editable	Open/OEM data
Vehicle basic equipment	Kitchen Standard	0	Open/editable	Open/OEM data
Vehicle basic equipment	Interior lights City/ Intercity + Doorlights [1/m]	12	Open/editable	Locked default
Vehicle basic equipment	LED Interior lights ceiling city/ontercity + door [1/m]	0	Open/editable	Locked default
Vehicle basic equipment	Interior lights Tourism + reading [1/m]	0	Open/editable	Locked default
Vehicle basic equipment	LED Interior lights ceiling Tourism + LED reading [1/m]	0	Open/editable	Locked default
Customer Specific Equipment	External Displays Font/Side/Rear	4	Open/editable	Open/OEM data
Customer Specific Equipment	Internal display per unit ( front side rear)	1	Open/editable	Open/OEM data
Customer Specific Equipment	CityBus Ref EBSF Table4 Devices ITS No Displays	1	Open/editable	Open/OEM data
Lights	Exterior Lights BULB	1	Locked default	Locked default
Lights	Day running lights LED bonus	1	Open/editable	Open/OEM data
Lights	Antifog rear lights LED bonus	1	Open/editable	Open/OEM data
Lights	Position lights LED bonus	1	Open/editable	Open/OEM data
Lights	Direction lights LED bonus	1	Open/editable	Open/OEM data
Lights	Brake Lights LED bonus	1	Open/editable	Open/OEM data

Combined Alternator Map File (.aalt)

The Combined Alternator Map (.AALT) file contains data relating to the efficiency of the alternator at various engine speeds and current demand. The .AALT file is a CSV file containing three fields: “Amp”, “RPM” (engine speed), and “Efficiency”. It can be created via the select file button, or an existing map directly imported into VECTO via the File Browser.

A new combined alternator map can be created or an existing one edited using the Combined Alternators editor module (see below). This module enables the creation of a combined average alternator efficiency map by the advanced auxiliaries module, using input data for one or more alternators (Pully Ratio, Efficiency at different RPM/AMP combinations):

Alternators may be added/deleted from the list. Data for existing alternators can be loaded into the form by double-clicking on the relevant alternator, and the data may then be updated and saved back down.

The ‘Diagnostics’ tab provides a summary of the input data that is fed into combined alternator map calculations:

The methodology for calculating the combined efficiency map is summarised below (and also included in the full schematics file included with the User Manual). Note: A simplified calculation is performed using the average of the user input efficiency values in the model pre-run only, to keep total run-time to a minimum (with negligible impact on the final result). :

File Format

The file uses the VECTO CSV format.

Several example default alternator maps are provided for use until a finalised certification procedure is in place for OEM-specific data.

Example Default Alternator Configuration for Advanced Alternator Map

Pulley Ratio: 3.6

RPM	2000	2000	4000	4000	6000	6000
	Amps	Efficiency	Amps	Efficiency	Amps	Efficiency
	10.00	62.00	10.00	64.00	10.00	53.00
I_max/2	27.00	70.00	63.00	74.00	68.00	70.00
I_max	53.00	30.00	125.00	68.00	136.00	62.00

Notes: Bold values are locked/fixed values; I_max = the maximum current in Amps.

Pneumatic Auxiliaries Editor

Description

The “Pneumatics” tab defines various parameters for pneumatic auxiliaries used on the vehicle:

Pneumatic Auxiliaries Data/Variables

Data for various pneumatic auxiliaries and the relevant pneumatic variables can be edited in the adjacent text boxes.
Filepath to the Compressor Map (.ACMP) file

Files can be imported by clicking the browse button adjacent to the “Compressor Map” text box.
Filepath to the Actuations Map (.APAC) file

Files can be imported by clicking the browse button adjacent to the “Actuations Map” text box.
The “Retarder Brake”, “Smart Pneumatics” and “Smart Regeneration” and enable via check boxes.

Default Values

The following table provides a summary of the default values that are populated whenever a new advanced auxiliaries (.AAUX) file is created from scratch. The table also indicates the editable/default status of the relevant parameters in the VECTO UI in Engineering mode, and the recommended status in Declaration mode (not currently implemented). The default values / parameter status has been agreed with the project steering group.

Default parameter values and editable status for the Pneumatic module

Pneumatic Auxiliaries Data

Category	Default value	Engineering	Declaration	Comments
AdBlue NI per minute	21.25	Open/editable	Locked default	Only relevant for Pneumatic AdBlue Dosing, also needs drive cycle duration
Air Controlled Suspension NI/Minute	15	Open/editable	Locked default	Only relevant for Pneumatic Air Suspension Control, also needs drive cycle duration
Breaking No Retarder NI/KG	0.00081	Open/editable	Locked default	also needs vehicle weight
Braking with Retarder NI/KG	0.0006	Open/editable	Locked default	Also needs vehicle weight
Air demand per Kneeling NI/Kg mm	0.000066	Open/editable	Locked default	Also needs vehicle weight and kneeling height
Dead Vol Blowouts/L/Hour	24	Open/editable	Locked default
Dead Volume Litres	30	Open/editable	Locked default
Non Smart Regen Fraction Total Air Demand	0.26	Open/editable	Locked default
Overrun Utilisation for Compression Fraction	0.97	Open/editable	Locked default	Taken directly from White Book
Per Door Opening NI	12.7	Open/editable	Locked default	Only relevant for Pneumatic Door Operation, also needs number of door openings
Per Stop Brake Actuation NI/KG	0.00064	Open/editable	Locked default	Also needs vehicle weight
Smart Regen Fraction Total Air Demand	0.12	Open/editable	Locked default

Pneumatic Variables

Category	Default value	Engineering	Declaration	Comments
Compressor Map		Open/editable	Locked default	A number of pre-set defaults will be provided; later value from test procedure.
Compressor Gear Ratio	1.00	Open/editable	Open/OEM data	Related compressor shaft speed to engine shaft speed
Compressor Gear Efficiency	0.97	Open/editable	Locked default
AdBlue Dosing	Pneumatic	Open/editable	Open/OEM data	Pneumatic (/Electric)
Air Suspension Control	Mechanically	Open/editable	Open/OEM data	Mechanically (/Electrically)
Door Operation	Pneumatic	Open/editable	Open/OEM data	Pneumatic (/Electric)
Kneeling height millimeters	70	Open/editable	Open/OEM data	Used with air demand per kneeling
Actuations Map	testPneumatic	ActuationsMap	Open/editable	Locked default
Retarder brake	Yes	Open/editable	Open/OEM data	Yes (/No)
Smart Pneumatics	No	Open/editable	Open/OEM data	No (/Yes)
Smart Regeneration	No	Open/editable	Open/OEM data	No (/Yes)

HVAC Auxiliaries Editor

Description

The “HVAC” tab defines various parameters for heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) auxiliaries used on the vehicle, calculated from the HVAC Steady State Model (HVAC SSM): - Disable HVAC Module [tickbox] - Filepath to the Steady State Model File (.AHSM) : Files can be imported by clicking the browse button adjacent to the HVAC “Steady State Model File (.AHSM)” text box. - Filepath to the Bus Parameter Database (.ABDB) " Files can be imported by clicking the browse button adjacent to the HVAC SSM bus parameters database file (.ABDB) text box. The bus parameter database contains a list of default parameters for a number of pre-existing/defined buses that can be quickly switched between within the HVAC SSM Editor module.

Outputs from the HVAC SSM include: - Electrical Load Power Watts - Mechanical Load Power Watts - Fuelling Litres Per Hour

HVAC Steady-State Model Editor

The HVAC Steady-State Model (HVAC SSM) Editor defines various data and parameters for calculation of HVAC auxiliary demands (electrical, mechanical and fuelling) from the vehicle, replicating the key inputs/functionality from the HVAC CO2SIM model developed for ACEA:

Bus Parameters
Boundary Conditions
Other
Tech List Input
Diagnostics

At the top of the window, two sets of outputs are presented for electrical, mechanical and fuelling demand:

‘Base’ values: These are the calculated resulting demands from the inputs on the ‘Bus Parameters’, ‘Boundary Conditions’ and ‘Other’ tabs.
‘Adjusted’ values: these are the final values output from the model, which additionally factor in the HVAC technologies included in the ‘Tech List Input’ tab.

Bus Parameters

Input bus parameters can be edited directly or imported/calculated from the Bus Parameter Database (.abdb) file via the ‘<Select>’ drop-down box at the top of the page. Parameters in the accompanying database file (.abdb) include:

Bus Model Name (free text)
Registered passengers
Type (i.e. ‘raised floor’ = Class III, ‘semi low floor’ = Class II, or ‘low floor’ = Class I)
Is Double Decker [tick box]
Length in m,
Wide in m,
Height in m,
[Engine Type (only ‘diesel’ is currently supported), only when creating a ‘New’ entry]
Other fields, that are greyed out, are locked and not editable, containing fixed default values or calculations.

Boundary Conditions

On this tab the various boundary conditions for the HVAC SSM calculations can be set. Certain fields (greyed out) are locked and not editable, containing fixed default values or calculations.

Other

On this tab a number of other parameters for the HVAC SSM calculations can be set: - Environmental conditions: when in ‘Batch Mode’ a climatic conditions dataset (.aenv) file must be used containing a series of environmental conditions. Otherwise single values for temperature and solar load may be input (these fields are locked/not used when in batch mode). - AC System specifications/type: the AC-Compressor Type selection determines the COP value used, according to the specification of the project steering group. - Ventilation settings - Auxiliary Heater parameters: the power of the fuel fired heater may be included, other fields are provided for information only and are locked. The ‘Engine Waste Heat’ values are calculated during the actual model runs, which are determined via a pre-run of the model over the selected drive-cycle.

TechList Input

To determine energy consumption of a certain bus-HVAC system combination, a customisable list of technologies may be added/edited on this tab to allow to take special features into account which have a reducing or increasing influence. Because several technologies are only available for certain bus types, the list has to be bus type-specific. The technologies list and the default values has been populated according to the steering group recommendations, however these may be deleted, edited or added to as required on this tab in Engineering mode.

Diagnostics

The final ‘Diagnostics’ tab provides a summary of the resulting outputs from the HVAC Tech List tab.

Default Values

Default parameter values and editable status for the HVAC module

INP - BusParameters tab

Bus Parameterisation

Category/Input	Default value	Engineering	Declaration
Select	<Select>
Bus Model		Open/editable	Locked default
Number of Passengers	<ABDB or input>	Open/editable	Locked default
Bus Type		Open/editable	Locked default
Double Decker?	No	Open/editable	Open/OEM data
Bus Length (m)	<ABDB or input>	Open/editable	Locked default
Bus Width (m)	<ABDB or input>	Open/editable	Locked default
Bus Height (m)	<ABDB or input>	Open/editable	Locked Calc
Bus Floor Surface Area (m^2)	Calculation	Locked Calc	Locked Calc
Bus Window Surface (m^2)	Calculation	Locked Calc	Locked Calc
Bus Surface Area (m^2)	Calculation	Locked Calc	Locked Calc
Bus Volume (m^3)	Calculation	Locked Calc	Locked Calc

INP - Boundary Conditions tab

Boundary Conditions

Category/Input	Default value	Engineering	Declaration
G-Factor **	0.95	Open/editable	Open/editable
Solar Clouding	0.8	Locked Calc	Locked Calc
Heat per Passenger into Cabin (W)	80	Locked Calc	Locked Calc
Passenger Boundary Temperature (oC)	12	Open/editable	Locked default
Passenger Density: Low Floor (Pass/m^2)	3	Locked Calc	Locked default
Passenger Density: Semi Low Floor (Pass/m^2)	2.2	Locked Calc	Locked default
Passenger Density: Raised Floor (Pass/m^2)	1.4	Locked Calc	Locked default
Calculated Passenger Number	Calculation	Locked Calc	Locked Calc
U-Values W/(K*m^3)	Calculation	Locked Calc	Locked Calc
Heating Boundary Temperature (oC)	18	Open/editable	Locked default
Cooling Boundary Temperature (oC)	23	Open/editable	Locked default
Temperature at which cooling turns OFF	17	Locked default
High Ventilation (l/h)	20	Open/editable	Locked default
How Ventilation (l/h)	7	Open/editable	Locked default
High (m^3/h)	Calculation	Locked Calc	Locked Calc
low (m^3/h)	Calculation	Locked Calc	Locked Calc
High Vent Power (W)	Calculation	Locked Calc	Locked Calc
Low Vent Power (W)	Calculation	Locked Calc	Locked Calc
Specific Ventilation Power (Wh/m3)	0.56	Open/editable	Locked default
Aux. Heater Efficiency	0.84	Open/editable	Locked default
GCV (Diesel / Heating oil) (kwh/kg)	11.8	Open/editable	Locked default
Window Area per Unit Bus Length (m^2/m)	Calculation	Locked Calc	Locked Calc
Front + Rear Window Area (m^2)	Calculation	Locked Calc	Locked Calc
Max Temperature Delta for low Floor Busses (K)	3	Open/editable	Locked default
Max Possible Benefit from Technology List (Fraction)	0.5	Open/editable	Locked default

INP - Other

Enviromental Conditions

Category/Input	Default value	Engineering	Declaration
Enviromental Temperature (oC)	25	Open/editable	Locked default
Solar (W/m²)	400	Open/editable	Locked default
Batch-mode	ON	Open/editable	Locked default
Environmental Conditions Database	TBC Default	Open/editable	Locked default

AC-system

Category/Input	Default value	Engineering	Declaration
AC-compressor type	2-stage (0/100)	Open/editable	Open/OEM data
AC-compressor type (Mechanical / Electrical)	Calculation	Locked Calc	Locked Calc
AC-compressor capacity (kW)	18	Open/editable	Locked default
COPCool	3.50	Locked Calc	Locked Calc

Ventilation

Category/Input	Default value	Engineering	Declaration
Ventilation during heating	Yes	Open/editable	Locked default
Ventilation when both Heating and AC are inactive	Yes	Open/editable	Locked default
Ventilation during AC	Yes	Open/editable	Locked default
Ventilation flow setting when both Heating and AC are inactive	High	Open/editable	Locked default***
Ventilation during Heating	High	Open/editable	Locked default***
Ventilation during Cooling	High	Open/editable	Locked default***

Aux. Heater

Category/Input	Default value	Engineering	Declaration
Fuel Fired Heater (kW)	30	Open/editable	Open/OEM data

*TechList Input**

Insulation

Category/Input	Default value	Engineering	Declaration
Double-glazing	TF5 table*	Open/editable	Tick box only
Tinted windows	TF5 table*	Open/editable	Tick box only

Ventilation

Category/Input	Default value	Engineering	Declaration
Fan controll strategy	TF5 table*	Open/editable	Tick box only

Heating

Category/Input	Default value	Engineering	Declaration
Heat pump systems	TF5 table*	Open/editable	Tick box only
Adjustable coolant thermostat	TF5 table*	Open/editable	Tick box only
Adjustable auxiliary heater	TF5 table*	Open/editable	Tick box only
Engine waste-gas heat exchanger	TF5 table*	Open/editable	Tick box only

Cooling

Category/Input	Default value	Engineering	Declaration
Separate air distribution ducts	TF5 table*	Open/editable	Tick box only

Notes:

* Default parameter values for Technology List from ACEA TF5 proposal

** Tinted Window: G-Factor/g-value (= “solar factor” = “total solar energy transmittance”) according ISO 9050. ISO 9050 defines wind speed at the outside surface of 14 km/h.

Definition of bins for transmission rates according to ACEA TF5 recommendation:

g-value	bonus
< 0,1	To be simulated with g = 0,05
0,11 – 0,20	To be simulated with g = 0,15
0,21 – 0,30	To be simulated with g = 0,25
0,31 – 0,40	To be simulated with g = 0,35
0,41 – 0,50	To be simulated with g = 0,45
0,51 – 0,60	To be simulated with g = 0,55
0,61 – 0,70	To be simulated with g = 0,65
0,71 – 0,80	To be simulated with g = 0,75
0,81 – 0,90	To be simulated with g = 0,85
0,91 - 1	To be simulated with g = 0,95

*** Air Flow Rate: recommended for future implementation in Declaration mode by ACEA TF5:

Phase	With thermal comfort roof mounted system	Without thermal comfort roof mounted system
Cooling	High (20x internal volume / h)	Low (7x internal volume / h)
Ventilation	High (20x internal volume / h)	Low (7x internal volume / h)
Heating	High (10x internal volume / h)	Low (7x internal volume / h)

File Format

The HVAC SSM (.ahsm) and Bus Parameter Database (.abdb) files use the VECTO CSV format.

Vehicle Editor

Description

The Vehicle File (.vveh) defines the main vehicle/chassis parameters like axles including RRCs, air resistance and weight.

Relative File Paths

It is recommended to use relative filepaths. This way the Job File and all input files can be moved without having to update the paths. Example: “Demo\RT1.vrlm” points to the “Demo” subdirectory of the Vehicle File’s directoy.

VECTO automatically uses relative paths if the input file (e.g. Retarder Losses File) is in the same directory as the Vehicle File. (Note: The Vehicle File must be saved before browsing for input files.)

General vehicle parameters

Vehicle Category: Needed for Declaration Mode to identify the HDV Class.
Axle Configuration: Needed for Declaration Mode to identify the HDV Class.
Gross Vehicle Mass Rating [t]: Needed for Declaration Mode to identify the HDV Class.
HDV Class: Displays the automatically selected HDV Class depending on the settings above.

Weight/Loading

These fields define the weight and loading of the vehicle. Max. Loading displays the maximum possible loading for the selected vehicle depending on curb weight and GVW values.

Note: VECTO uses the sum of Curb Weight Vehicle, Curb Weight Extra Trailer/Body and Loading for calculation!

Air Resistance

The product of Drag Coefficient [-] and Cross Sectional Area [m²] (c_d x A) and Air Density [kg/m³] (see Settings) together with the vehicle speed defines the Air Resistance. Note that the Air Drag depends on the chosen Cross Wind Correction.

Axles/Wheels

For each axle the parameters Relative axle load, RRC_ISO and F_zISO have to be given in order to calculate the total Rolling Resistance Coefficient. Furthermore the Wheels Inertia [kgm²] has to be set per wheel for each axle. In Declaration Mode the inertia is computed based on the selected tyres and rims. The number of axles specified have to match the vehicle type (e.g., 2 axles for a 4x2 truck).

In Declaration mode only the axles of the truck have to be given. For the trailer predefined wheels and weight-shares are used.

In Engineering Mode all axles, for both truck and trailer, have to be given.

Use the and buttons to add or remove axles form the vehicle. Doubleclick entries to edit existing axle configurations.

Dynamic Tyre Radius [mm]: Effective (dynamic) wheel radius used to calculate engine speed. In Declaration Mode the radius calculated automatically using tyres/rims of the powered axle.
Powered axle tyres/rims: Needed for Declaration Mode to calculate the dynamic tyre radius.

Retarder Losses

If a separate retarder is used in the vehicle a Retarder Torque Loss Map can be defined here to consider idling losses caused by the retarder.

Three options are available:

No retarder
Included in Transmission Loss Maps: Use this if the Transmission Loss Maps already include retarder losses.
Primary Retarder (before gearbox): The rpm ratio is relative to the engine speed
Secondary Retarder (after gearbox): The rpm ratio is relative to the cardan shaft speed

Both, primary and secondary retarders, require an Retarder Torque Loss Input File (.vrlm).

Cross Wind Correction Options

Four different options are available:

No Correction: The specified CdxA value is used to compute the air drag, no cross-wind correction is applied
Speed dependent (User-defined): The specified CdxA value is corrected depending on the vehicle’s speed.
Speed dependent (Declaration Mode): A uniformly distributed cross-wind is assumed and used for correcting the air-drag depending on the vehicle’s speed
Vair & Beta Input: Correction mode if the actual wind speed and wind angle relative to the vehicle have been measured.

In delcaration mode the ‘Speed dependent (Declaration Mode)’ cross-wind correction is used.

Depending on the chosen mode either a Speed Dependent Cross Wind Correction Input File (.vcdv) or a Vair & Beta Cross Wind Correction Input File (.vcdb) must be defined. For details see Cross Wind Correction.

Controls

New file: Create a new empty .vveh file
Open existing file: Open an existing .vveh file

Save current file

Save file as…

Send current file to the VECTO Editor: Note: If the current file was opened via the VECTO Editor the file will be sent automatically when saved.
Save and close file: If necessary the file path in the VECTO Editor will be updated.

Cancel without saving

Engine Editor

Description

The Engine File (.veng) defines all engine-related parameters and input files like Fuel Consumption Map and Full Load Curve.

Relative File Paths

It is recommended to use relative filepaths. This way the Job File and all input files can be moved without having to update the paths. Example: “Demo\FLD1.vfld” points to the “Demo” subdirectory of the Engine File’s directory.

VECTO automatically uses relative paths if the input file (e.g. FC Map) is in the same directory as the Engine File. Note: The Engine File must be saved before browsing for input files.)

Main Engine Parameters

Make and Model [text]: Free text defining the engine model, type, etc.
Idling Engine Speed [rpm]: Low idle, applied in simulation for vehicle standstill in neutral gear position.
Displacement [ccm]: Used in Declaration Mode to calculate inertia.
Inertia including Flywheel [kgm²]: Inertia for rotating parts including engine flywheel. In Declaration Mode the inertia is calculated automatically depending on the engine’s displacement and also accounts for the clutch’s inertia.

Full Load and Drag Curves

The Engine’s Full Load and Drag Curves (.vfld) limits the engine’s maximum torque and drag torque respectively The full-load curve must at least cover the engine-speed range from idling speed up to the speed where the power goes down to 70% of the maximum power. The input file (.vfld) file format is described here.

Fuel Consumption Map

The Fuel Consumption Map is used to calculate the base FC value. See Fuel Consumption Calculation for details.

The input file (.vmap) file format is described here.

WHTC Correction Factors

The WHTC Correction Factors are required in Declaration Mode for the WHTC FC Correction.

Chart Area

The Chart Area shows the fuel consumption map and the selected full load curve.

Controls

New file: Create a new empty .veng file
Open existing file: Open an existing .veng file

save Save current file

SaveAs Save file as…

Send current file to the VECTO Editor: Note: If the current file was opened via the VECTO Editor the file will be sent automatically when saved.

Open file browser.

Open file (see File Open Command).

Save and close file: If necessary the file path in the VECTO Editor will be updated.

Cancel Cancel without saving

Gearbox Editor

Description

The Gearbox File (.vgbx) defines alls gearbox-related input parameters like gear ratios and transmission loss maps. See Gear Shift Model for details.

Relative File Paths

It is recommended to use relative filepaths. This way the Job File and all input files can be moved without having to update the paths.
Example: “Gears\Gear1.vtlm” points to the “Gears” subdirectory of the Gearbox File’s directoy.

VECTO automatically uses relative paths if the input file (e.g. Shift Polygons File) is in the same directory as the Gearbox File. (The Gearbox File must be saved before browsing for input files.)

Main Gearbox Parameters

Make and Model

Free text defining the gearbox model, type, etc.

Transmission Type

Depending on the transmission type some options below are not available. The following types are available:

MT: Manual Transmission
AMT: Automated Manual Transmission
AT: Automatic Transmission
Custom

Note: The types AT and Custom are not available in Declaration Mode.

Inertia [kgm²]

Rotational inertia of the gearbox (constant for all gears). (Engineering mode only)

Traction Interruption [s]

Interruption during gear shift event. (Engineering mode only)

Gears

Use the add and remove buttons to add or remove gears from the vehicle. Doubleclick entries to edit existing gears.

Gear “A” defines the ratio of the axle transmission / differential.
“TC” (AT only) defines which gears are using the torque converter (lock-up clutch open).
“Ratio” defines the ratio between the output speed and input speed for the current gear. Must be greater than 0.
“Loss Map or Efficiency” allows to define either a constant efficiency value or a loss map (.vtlm). Note: in Vecto 3 it is mandatory to specify a loss map for every gear!
“Shift polygons” defines the Shift Polygons InputFile (.vgbs) for each gear. Not required in Declaration Mode. See GearShift Model for details.
“Full Load Curves” defines the Full Load Curve for (.vfld) each gear. It is used for torque limiting in the current gear. Note: in Declaration mode the generic shift polygons are computed from the engine’s full-load curve. If the maximum torque is limited by the gearbox, the minimum of the gearbox and engine maximum torque will be used to compute the generic shift polygons!

Gear shift parameters

Allow shift-up inside polygons: See Gear Shift Model.
Skip Gears: See Gear Shift Model.
Torque Reserve [%]: This parameter is required for the Allow shift-up inside polygons and Skip Gears options.
Minimum shift time [s]: Limits the time between two gear shifts. This rule will be ignored if rpms are too high or too low. Vecto 2.2 uses fixed time-steps of 1 second, hence only whole seconds can be specified. Vecto 3 uses dynamic time-steps, hence any values greater than 0 seconds can be given.
Start Gear: In order to calculate an appropriate gear for vehicle start (first gear after vehicle standstill) a fictional load case is calculated using a specified reference vehicle speed and reference acceleration together with the actual road gradient, transmission losses and auxiliary power demand. This way the start gear is independent from the target speed. VECTO uses the highest possible gear which provides the defined torque reserve.

Chart Area

The Chart Area displays the Shift Polygons Input File(.vgbs) for the selected gear.

Torque Converter

The Torque Converter Model is still in development.

Inertia [kgm²]: Rotational inertia of the engine-side part of the torque converter. (Gearbox-side inertia is not considered in VECTO.)

Controls

New file: Create a new empty .vgbx file
Open existing file: Open an existing .vgbx file

save Save current file

SaveAs Save file as…

Send current file to the VECTO Editor: Note: If the current file was opened via the VECTO Editor the file will be sent automatically when saved.

Open file browser

Open file (see File Open Command).

Save and close file: If necessary the file path in the VECTO Editor will be updated.

Cancel Cancel without saving

Graph Window

Description

The Graph Window allows to visualise modal results files (.vmod). Multiple windows can be open at the same time to display different files.

Note that the graph does not update automatically if the results file has changed.

Channels

Use the add and remove buttons to add or remove channels. Doubleclick entries to edit existing channels.

Each channel can be plotted either on the left or on the right Y Axis. Use the checkbox to disable channels in the graph.

X Axis Controls

The X Axis can either show distance or time.

Min, Max: Sets the range for the x axis.
Reset button: Reset the x axis range to display the complete cycle.
+, - buttons: Zoom in/out on the x axis.
<, > buttons: Move the x axis range left/right.

Controls

open Open a .vmod file

Open a new Graph Window

Reload the currently open file

Command Line Arguments

Both, Vecto 2.2 and Vecto 3.x can be started from the commandline. The usage is quite different and described below.

It is possible to control basic functions of VECTO via command line arguments (e.g. to automate calculations and results analysis using scripts).

General Notes

The order in which the arguments are provided is arbitrary.
If a file path includes space characters (e.g. “C:\VECTO Test Files\Demo.vecto”) then double quotes have to be used (as in the picture above).
If not the complete file path is defined (e.g. “file1.vecto” instead of “c:\data\file1.vecto”) then VECTO expects the file in the application directory (where VECTO.exe is located).

Engineering/Declaration Mode

    VECTO.exe -run [-close] [file1.vecto file2.vecto ... fileN.vecto]

Runs calculation(s) either with the provided .vecto file(s) or (if no file names are defined) with the files already loaded on start up*. If -close is used then VECTO closes after calculations are done.

Batch Mode

    VECTO.exe -run -batch [-close] [file1.vecto file2.vecto ... fileN.vecto] [cycle1.vdri cycle2.vdri ... cycleN.vdri]

Switches to BATCH mode and runs with the provided .vecto and .vdri files. If no files are defined the pre-loaded files* are used. If -close is used then VECTO closes after calculations are done.

Opening files

    VECTO.exe file1.xxx

If the file has one of the following extensions it is opened with the associated editor dialog: .vecto, .vgbx, .veng, .vveh. Note: if more than one .vecto file is provided they will be loaded in the file list (replacing the pre-loaded list*) instead.

*pre-loaded files: When VECTO starts it loads the file lists (.vecto, .vdri) of the last session, see Application Files. These files can be changes manually if VECTO is not running.

The Vecto 3.x commandline tool runs completely without a graphical user interface. If multiple job-files are specified or a job-file contains multiple simulation runs (i.e., multiple cycles and/or loadings) these simulations are executed in parallel. Vectocmd supports both types of input files, JSON (in engineering and declaration mode) and XML (Declaration mode only).

The basic usage is as follows

    vectocmd.exe [-h] [-v] FILE1.(vecto|xml) [FILE2.(vecto|xml) ...]

List of command line arguments

FILE1.vecto [FILE2.vecto …]: A list of vecto-job files (with the extension: .vecto). At least one file must be given. Delimited by whitespace.
-t: output information about execution times
-mod: write mod-data in addition to sum-data
-eng: switch to engineering mode (implies -mod)
-v: Shows verbose information (errors and warnings will be displayed)
-vv: Shows more verbose information (infos will be displayed)
-vvv: Shows debug messages (slow!)
-vvvv: Shows all verbose information (everything, slow!)
-V: show version information
-h: Displays this help.

Calculation Modes

VECTO supports different calculation modes for declaring a vehicle, validation of test-results, or experimenting with different parameters and components. These modes are described here.

Declaration Mode

In this mode a vehicle can be declared. Many simulation parameters are predefined to provide a generic way of comparing the emissions.
Engineering Mode

This mode is for experimenting and validation of a vehicle. There exist several options how the driving cycle may be defined (Target speed, Measured Speed, Pwheel).
Engine Only Mode

This mode is for validation of a measured engine component. Only the engine is simulated in this mode.

In the GUI the Calculation Mode can be changed via the Options Tab of the Main Form.

In the Command Line the Calculation Mode is Declaration by default, but can be changed to Engineering with the “-eng” flag.

A so called Batch Mode exists in VECTO v2.2, which simulates every given job file with every given cycle file. This has nothing to do with the command line, it is just a convenience function to combine job files and cycle files.

VECTO V3.x doesn’t support Batch mode anymore. The same functionality can be achieved by referencing every needed cycle file in the job files.

Engineering Mode

The Engineering Mode lets the user define every aspect in the components of the vehicle and the driving cycle. This is for experimenting and validation purposes.

In this mode the given list of job files is simulated with the respective driving cycles. Each job file defines a separate vehicle.

This is the default calculation mode in VECTO V2.

In VectoCMD V3.x the default mode is Declaration Mode.

Requirements

One or more checked job files in the Job List
Each job file must include at least one driving cycle

Results

Modal results (.vmod). One file for each vehicle/cycle combination.
Sum results (.vsum). One file for each invocation of VECTO.

Options

The Driving Cycle determines the simulation method in engineering mode. The option depends directly on the driving cycle input and cannot be set explicitely. For more information about the formats see Driving Cycles.

Target speed, distance-based

This option is the a target vehicle speed distance based cycle (like in Declaration Mode). With this option experiments can be made by the manufacturer.
Measured speed, time-based

Driving Mode where the actual speed from measurements is simulated.
Measured speed with gear, time-based

Driving Mode where the actual speed from measurements is simulated. Also defines the chosen gear.
Pwheel (SiCo) Mode, time-based

In Pwheel mode the measured power at the wheels is given, and the simulation takes that as input.

Declaration Mode

In Declaration Mode many input parameters are predefined for the official certification. They are locked in the user interface and will automatically be set by VECTO during calculation. Calculations will be performed for each mission profile (of the corresponding HDV class) with three different loadings each: Empty, full, and reference loading.

Declaration Mode can be activated in the Options Tab.

Requirements

One or more checked job files in the Job List
The job files don’t need to include driving cycles. These are automatically assigned.

Results

Modal results (.vmod). One file for each vehicle/cycle/loading combination.
Sum results (.vsum). One file for each invocation of VECTO.
Results overview (.pdf). One file for each job.

Engine-Only Mode

When this mode is enabled in the Job File then VECTO only calculates the fuel consumption based on a load cycle (engine speed and torque). In the Job File only the following parameters are needed:

Filepath to the Engine File (.veng)
Driving Cycles including engine torque (or power) and engine speed

The driving cycle also has to be in a special format which is described here: Engine Only Driving Cycle.

Batch Mode

In Batch Mode a list of vehicles is run with a list of driving cycles. Each vehicle defined in the Job List is calculated with each driving cycle defined in the Driving Cycle List. Note that the Driving Cycle List is only visible if Batch Mode is enabled in the Main Form / Options Tab.

Requirements

One or more checked job files in the Job List. The job files don’t need to include driving cycles. These are ignored in Batch mode.
One or more checked driving cycles in the Dricing Cycle List

Results

Modal results (.vmod) for each job file and driving cycle. One file for each vehicle/cycle combination.
Average/sum results (.vsum / .vsum.json). One file in total containing results for each vehicle/cycle combination.

VECTO V3.x doesn’t support Batch mode anymore. The same functionality can be achieved by referencing every needed cycle file in the job files.

Simulation Models

In this chapter the used component models for the simulation are described.

Driver: Acceleration Limiting
Driver: Look-Ahead Coasting
ADAS: Overspeed / Eco-Roll
Vehicle: Cross Wind Correction
Vehicle: Rolling Resistance Coefficient
Engine Start/Stop
Engine: Fuel Consumption Calculation
Engine: Transient Full Load
Engine: WHTC Correction
Gear Shift Model
Torque Converter Model
Auxiliaries
Engine Only Mode
Pwheel-Input (SiCo Mode)

Acceleration Limiting

VECTO limits the vehicle acceleration and deceleration depending on current vehicle speed, to model a realistic driver behavior. These limits are defined in the Acceleration Limiting Input File (.vacc), which can be set in the Job File. In Declaration mode this is already predefined.

If the engine can’t provide the required power, the vehicle might accelerate slower than the defined driver limit.
The minimum deceleration can always be maintained via the brakes.
In Measured Speed Mode these limits are not used, due to the nature of this mode (speeds and accelerations are already real measured values, therefore VECTO uses them directly without limitation).

The graph shows the acceleration and deceleration limits depending on the current vehicle speed.

Look-Ahead Coasting

Like Overspeed, Look-Ahead Coasting is a function that aims on modelling real-life driver behaviour. It is a forward-looking function that detects forthcoming reductions in target speed in the mission profile (e.g. speed limit, etc.) and induces an early deceleration using engine braking before applying mechanical brakes according to the deceleration limit.

The implemented approach uses a predefined target deceleration (a_lookahead) to calculate the deceleration time for each particular target speed change.

At the resulting deceleration start point the model calculates the coasting trajectory until it meets the brake deceleration trajectory. The resulting deceleration consists of a coasting phase followed by combined mechanical/engine braking. If Look-Ahead Coasting is disabled only the braking phase according to the deceleration limit will be applied.

Parameters in Job File:

Target Retardation = a_lookahead
Minimum speed. Below this speed the function is disabled.

Overspeed / Eco-Roll

Both functions control the vehicle’s behaviour on uneven road sections (slope ≠ 0) and can be configured in the Job File’s Driver Assist Tab. Overspeed is designed to model an average driver’s behaviour without the aid of driver assistance systems. Eco-Roll represents an optional driver assistance feature. For this reason vehicles without Eco-Roll should always have the Overspeed function enabled.

Overspeed

Overspeed activates as soon as the total power demand at the wheels (Pwheel) falls below zero, i.e. the vehicle accelerates on a negative slope. The clutch remains closed, engine in motoring operation, and the vehicle accelerates beyond the cycle’s target speed. When the speed limit (target speed plus Max. Overspeed) is reached the mechanical brakes are engaged to prevent further acceleration.

Example with target (purple) and actual speed (orange) on the top left axis, slope (brown) on the top right axis. The bottom graph shows engine power (blue), motoring curve (orange) and mechanical brake power (green). In this example Overspeed is allowed until the vehicle’s speed exceeds target speed by 5 [km/h].

Parameters in Job File:

Minimum speed [km/h]. Below this speed the function is disabled.
Max. Overspeed [km/h] (relative to target speed)

Eco-Roll

Instead of using the engine brake (with no fuel consumption) Eco-Roll shifts to Neutral, engine idling, to minimize deceleration and maximize the vehicle’s roll out distance. During this phase the engine has to overcome its own idling losses and the power demand from the auxiliaries. The engine is engaged again if the speed exceeds the speed limits defined by Max. Over-/Underspeed.

Example of Eco-Roll. Target (purple) and actual speed (orange) on the top left axis, slope (brown) on the top right axis. The bottom graph shows engine power (blue), motoring curve (orange) and mechanical brake power (green). The engine is idling while the vehicle rolls freely and braking when the upper speed limit is reached.

Parameters in Job File:

Minimum speed [km/h] Below this speed the function is disabled.
Max. Overspeed [km/h] (relative to target speed)
Max. Underspeed [km/h] (relative to target speed)

Cross Wind Correction

VECTO offers three different modes to consider cross wind influence on the drag coefficient. It is configured in the Vehicle File.

Speed dependent correction (Declaration Mode)

This is the mode which is used in Declaration Mode. The speed dependent C_dA curve (see below) is calculated based on generic parameters for each vehicle class and the C_dA value from the Vehicle File.

Speed dependent correction (User-defined)

The base C_dA value (see Vehicle File) is corrected with a user-defined speed dependent scaling function. A vcdv-File is needed for this calculation.

The C_dA value given in the vehicle configuration is corrected depending on the vehicle’s speed and the C_d scaling factor from the input file as follows:

\(C_dA_{effective} = C_dA * C_d(v_{veh})\)

Correction using Vair & Beta Input

The actual (measured) air speed and direction can be used to correct cross-wid influence if available. A vcdb-File is needed for this calculation. This file defines a ΔC_dA value in [m²] depending on the wind angle. The driving cycle must include the air speed relative to the vehicle v_air (<vair_res>) and the wind yaw angle (<vair_beta>).

The C_dA value given in the vehicle configuration is corrected depending on the wind speed and wind angle (given in the driving cycle) using the input file as follows:

\(C_dA_{effective} = C_dA + {\Delta}C_d(\beta)\)

Rolling Resistance Coefficient

The rolling resistance is calculated using a speed-independent rolling resistance coefficient (RRC). In order to consider that the RRC depends on the vehicle weight it is modelled as a function of the total vehicle mass. The total RRC is calculated in VECTO using the following equation (the index i refers to the vehicle’s axle (truck and trailer)):

\(RRC = \sum_{i=1}^{n} s_{(i)} \cdot RRC_{ISO(i)} \cdot \left( \fracs{_{(i)} \cdot m \cdot g }{w_{(i)} \cdot F_{zISO(i)} } \right)^{\beta-1}\)

with:

RRC	[-]	Total rolling resistance coefficient used for calculation	[calculated]
s_(i)	[-]	Relative axle load. Defined in the Vehicle File.	[user input]
RRC_ISO(i)	[-]	…Tyre RRC according to ISO 28580. Defined in the Vehicle File.	[user input]
w_(i)	[-]	Number of tyres (4 if Twin Tyres, else 2). Defined in the Vehicle File.	[user input]
F_zISO(i)	[N]	Tyre test load according to ISO 28580 (85% of max. load capacity). Defined in the Vehicle File.	[user input]
m	[kg]	Vehicle mass plus loading.	[calculated]
g	[m/s²]	Earth gravity acceleration (constant = 9.81, Vecto 3.x: 9.80665)	[constant model parameter]
β	[-]	Constant parameter = 0.9	[constant model parameter]

For each axle the parameters Relative axle load, RRC_ISO and F_zISO have to be defined. Axles with twin tyres have to be marked using the respective checkbox in the Vehicle-Editor.

Engine Start/Stop

If enabled the engine will be turned off after the set Activation Delay [s] if the following conditions apply:

Power demand ≤ 0
Vehicle speed is below Max Speed [km/h]
Engine was running for at least Min ICE-On Time [s]

Parameters in Job File:

Max speed [km/h].
Min ICE-On Time [s]
Activation Delay [s]

If Start/Stop is enabled the fuel consumption is corrected for not-considered auxiliary energy consumption during engine stop. See Start/Stop FC Correction.

Fuel Consumption Calculation

The base FC value is interpolated from the stationary FC map. If necessary the base value is corrected to compensate for unconsidered auxiliary energy consumption for vehicles with Start/Stop. In Declaration Mode additionally the WHTC correction is applied, see below.

The CO₂ result for the actual mission profile is directly derived from the fuel consumption using a gravimetric CO₂/FC factor.

Fuel Map Interpolation

The interpolation is based on Delaunay Triangulation and works as follows:

Triangulate the given rpm/torque/fuel points (= x,y,z) to create a grid of triangles with each point of the map being part of at least one triangle.
Find the triangle where the to-be-interpolated load point (x,y) is inside. If no triangle meets the criterion the calculation will be aborted.
Calculate the z-value (= fuel) of the given x,y-point in the plane of the triangle

Delaunay Triangulation Example

Auxiliary - Start/Stop Correction

For vehicles with Start/Stop the fuel consumption needs to be corrected to consider the wrong auxiliary energy balance caused by engine stops because VECTO uses a constant power demand for auxiliaries for the whole mission profile. The correction consists of the following steps:

From all 1Hz data points of the VECTO simulation, a linear regression curve (y=k*x+d) for fuel consumption (unit: grams per hour) over engine power (unit: kilo-watt) is calculated (see figure below).
From the difference between the energy consumed by the auxiliaries in the simulation with Start/Stop function and the target value (unit kilowatt-hours), a cycle average change in mechanical power “ΔPe” (unit kilowatt) of the internal combustion engine is calculated (using an average alternator efficiency and the cycle time with running engine).
The correction of the fuel consumption is performed for all 1Hz time steps using: ΔFC (unit: grams per hour) = ΔPe * k where k = gradient in the regression. If the engine is running in motoring conditions ΔFC is set to zero.

Example of a linear regression between engine power and fuel consumption

Engine: Transient Full Load

The engine implements a PT1 behaviour to model transient torque build up.

VECTO 2 uses a PT1 function to model transient torque build up using this formula:

\(P_{fld\ dyn_{i}} = \frac{1}{T(n_{i})+1} \cdot \left(P_{fld\ stat}(n_{i})+T(n_{i}) \cdot P_{act_{i-1}}\right)\)

with:

n_i … current engine speed
T(n_i) … PT1 time constant at engine speed n_i (col. 4 in .vfld file)
P_fld stat(n_i) … Static full load at engine speed n_i (col. 2 in .vfld file)
P_act i-1 … Engine power in previous time step

Vecto 3 uses basically the same PT1 behavior to model transient torque build up. However, due to the dynamic time steps the formula is implemented as follows:

\(P_{fld\ dyn_{i}} = P_{fld\ stat}(n_i) \cdot \left(1 - e^{-\frac{t_i^*}{\mathit{PT1}}}\right)\)

where t* is computed from the dynamic full-load power in the previous simulation interval:

\(t_i^* = t_{i-1}^* + dt\)

\(t_{i-1}^* = \mathit{PT1} \cdot ln\left(\frac{1}{1 - \frac{P_{eng_{i - 1}}}{P_{fld\ stat}(n_i)}}\right)\)

Engine: WHTC Correction

In declaration mode the fuel consumption is corrected as follows:

To prevent inconsistencies of regulated emissions and fuel consumption between the WHTC (hot part) test and the steady state fuel map as well as considering effects of transient engine behaviour a “WHTC correction factor” is used.

Based on the target engine operation points of the particular engine in WHTC the fuel consumption is interpolated from the steady state fuel map (“backward calculation”) in each of the three parts of the WHTC separately. The measured specific fuel consumption per WHTC part in [g/kWh] is then divided by the interpolated specific fuel consumption to obtain the “WHTC correction factors” CF_urb (Urban), CF_rur (Rural), CF_mot (Motorway). For the interpolation the same method as for interpolation in VECTO is applied (Delauney triangulation).

All calculations regarding the brake specific fuel consumption from the interpolation as well as from the measurement and the three correction factors CF_urb, CF_rur, CF_mot are fully implemented in the VECTO-Engine evaluation tool.

The total correction factor CF_total depends on the mission profile and is produced in VECTO by mission profile specific weighting factors listed in the table below.

\(CF_{total} = CF_{urb} \cdot WF_{urb} + CF_{rur} \cdot WF_{rur} + CF_{mot} \cdot WF_{mot}\)

with the correction factor CF_urb, CF_rur, CF_mot coming from the Engine, and weighting factors WF_urb, WF_rur, WF_mot predefined in the declaration data:

Mission profile	WF_urb	WF_rur	WF_mot
Long haul	11%	0%	89%
Regional delivery	17%	30%	53%
Urban delivery	69%	27%	4%
Municipial utility	98%	0%	2%
Construction	62%	32%	6%
Citybus	100%	0%	0%
Interurban bus	45%	36%	19%
Coach	0%	22%	78%

The whtc fuel consumption is then calculated with: \(FC_{whtc} = FC \cdot CF_{total}\)

In engineering mode no WHTC correction is applied by Vecto. For an arbitrary cycle the weighting factors are not known, hence the total correction factor CF_total can not be computed. WHTC correction can be applied manually as a post-processing step.

Gear Shift Model

The Gear Shift Model is based on shift curves that define the engine speed for up- and down- shifting as a function of engine torque. As soon as the engine operation point passes one of the shift curves a gear change is initiated.

Example shift polygons

Down-shift:
- As soon as the current engine speed falls below the down-shift cuve a down-shift is initiated
Up-shift:
- MT and AMT transmissions: Up-shift is initiated when the current engine speed is above the up-shift curve
- AT transmissions: Up-shift is initiated when the next-gear engine speed is above the up-shift curve

The shift polygons are saved in the Shift Polygons Input File (.vgbs) and have to be added to the Gearbox File when not in Declaration Mode.

In Declaration Mode the generic shift polygons are computed from the engine’s full-load curve. If the maximum torque is limited by the gearbox, the minimum of the current gear and engine maximum torque will be used to compute the generic shift polygons. Note: the computation of the shift polygons uses characteristic values from the engine such as n_95h, n_pref, etc. which are also derived from the full-load curve.

In the Gearbox File two additional parameters are defined:

Torque Reserve [%] - Required for the “Early Upshift” and “Skip Gears” options, see below.
Minimum shift time [s] - Limits the time between two gear shifts in whole seconds. This rule will be ignored if rpms are too high or too low. Note that high values may cause high rpms during acceleration.

Gear Skipping

Gear Skipping can be enabled in the Gearbox File. By default it is enabled for AMT and MT. Whenever a gear change is initiated (by crossing the up- or down-shift line) VECTO may skip one or several gears as long as the required torque reserve is provided.

Early Upshift

Early Upshift can be enabled in the Gearbox File (Allow shift-up inside polygons). By default it is enabled for AMT only. If the next higher gear provides the required torque reserve and it’s rpm is still above down-shift-rpm VECTO will shift up.

Torque Converter Model

!!! The Torque Converter Model is still in development and at the moment only available in Vecto 2.2 !!!

The torque converter is defined as (virtual) separate gear. While TC active: Iterative calculation of engine torque and speed based on TC characteristic. Creeping: Engine speed set to idling. Brakes engaged to absorb surplus torque.

Torque converter characteristics file (.vtcc)

The file is described here.

This file defines the torque converter characteristics as described in VDI 2153:

Speed Ratio (ν) = Output Speed / Input Speed
Torque Ratio (μ) = Output Torque / Input Torque
Input Torque (T_ref(ν)) is the input torque (over ν) for a specific reference engine speed (see below).

The Input Torque at reference engine speed is needed to calculate the actual engine torque using this formula:

\(T_{in} = T_{ref}(v) \cdot ( \frac{n_{in}}{n_{ref}} )^{2}\)

with:

T_in = engine torque [Nm]
T_ref(ν) = reference torque at reference rpm (form .vtcc file) [Nm]
n_in = engine speed [1/min]
n_ref = reference rpm [1/min] (see below)

The torque converter characteristics must also be defined for speed ratios of more than one (ν>1) in order to calculate overrun conditions (torque<0).

Setup for Conventional AT gearboxes

Torque converter file is defined for torque converter only

Define TC gear with ratio of first (mechanical) gear
Set transmission losses of first gear (map or constant efficiency)

Setup for Power-distributed AT gearboxes

Torque converter file is defined for the whole gearbox

Define TC gear with ratio = 1
Set transmission efficiency to 1 (= 100%) because losses are covered by the .vtcc file.

Auxiliaries

In VECTO a generic map-based approach was implemented to consider all types of auxiliaries. The supply power demand for each single auxiliary is defined in the driving cycle. Hence a time/distance-dependent power demand can be defined. Based on the supply power and a pre-defined efficiency map the auxiliary input power is calculated. A constant efficiency determines the losses between auxiliary and engine.

For each auxiliary the power demand is calculated using the following steps:

Auxiliary speed: n_aux = n_Eng * TransRatio
Auxiliary output power: P_auxOut = P_supply/EffToSply
Auxiliary input power: P_auxIn = EffMap(n_Aux, P_AuxOut)
Auxiliary power consumption: P_aux = P_auxIn/EffToEng
P_aux is added to the engine’s power demand

n_Eng	Calculated engine speed.	[1/min]
TransRatio	Speed ratio between auxiliary and engine. Defined in the Auxiliary File.	[-]
n_aux	Auxiliary speed	[1/min]
P_supply	Effective supply power demand. Defined in the driving cycle.	[kW]
EffToSply	Consumer efficiency. Defined in the Auxiliary File.	[-]
P_auxOut	Auxiliary output power	[kW]
EffMap	Auxiliary efficiency map. Defined in the Auxiliary File.	[kW] = f( [1/min], [kW] )
P_auxIn	Auxiliary input power	[kW]
EffToEng	Efficiency of auxiliary (belt/gear) drive. Defined in the Auxiliary File.	[-]
P_aux	Mechanical auxiliary power demand at the crank shaft	[kW]

Each auxiliary must be defined in the Job File and each driving cycle used with this vehicle must include supply power for each auxiliary. To link the supply power in the driving cycle to the correct auxiliary in the Job File an ID is used. The corresponding supply power is then named “<Aux_ID>”.

Example: The Auxiliary with the ID “ALT” (in the Job File) is linked to the supply power in the column “<Aux_ALT>” in the driving cylce.

P_wheel-Input (SiCo Mode)

For verification tasks it is possible to manually input the power at wheels (P_wheel) which is normally calculated via longitudinal dynamics. In this case VECTO only calculates the losses between wheels and engine and adds auxiliary power demand. This mode is active as soon as P_wheel, Gear and Engine Speed are defined in the driving cycle.

Requirements

Driving Cycle must include t, P_wheel (Pwheel), Gear (Gear) and Engine Speed (n), see Driving Cycle (.vdri) format.
The driving cycle must be time-based.

Distance Correction must be disabled (Options tab in Main Form).

Example driving cycle with P_wheel input.

<t>	<Pwheel>	<gear>	<n>
1	0.0	0	560.0
2	0.0	0	560.0
3	14.0	1	593.2
4	51.9	1	705.5
…	…	…	…

Input and Output

Vecto uses data files for input and output of data. These are stored in different formats which are listed here.

Input:

JSON
Vecto CSV

Output:

JSON
Vecto CSV
PDF (for Declaration Report)

CSV

Many data files in Vecto use CSV (Comma Separated Values) as common file format. They consist of a header which defines the columns and data entries which are separated by a comma (“,”).

In Vecto 3 the order of the columns is arbitrary if the column header matches the header definitions described in this user manual. If the column header does not match, a warning is written to the log file and the columns are parsed in the sequence as described in this manual as a fall-back.

Definition

Header:	Vecto CSV needs exactly one header line with the definition of the columns at the beginning of the file. Columns can be surrounded with “<” and “>” to mark them as identifiers (which makes them position independent). In Vecto 3.x every column is seen as identifier, regardless of “<>”. Columns may be succeded with unit information (enclosed in “[" and “]”) for documentation purposes.
Column Separator:	, (Comma. Separates the columns of a data line.)
Decimal-Mark:	. (Dot. Splits numbers into integer part and decimal part.)
Thousand-Separator:	Vecto CSV does not allow a thousand-separator.
Comments:	# (Number sign. Declares text coming afterwards in the current line as comment.)
Whitespace:	Whitespaces between columns will be stripped away. Therefore it is possible to align the columns for better readability, if desired.

Following files use the csv:

Speed Dependent Cross Wind Correction Input File (.vcdv)
Vair & Beta Cross Wind Correction Input File (.vcdb)
Retarder Loss Torque Input File (.vrlm)
Full Load and Drag Curves (.vfld)
Fuel Consumption Map (.vmap)
Shift Polygons Input File (.vgbs)
Transmission Loss Map (.vtlm)
Torque Converter Characteristics (.vtcc)
Auxiliary Input File (.vaux)
Driving Cycles (.vdri)
Acceleration Limiting Input File (.vacc)
Modal Results (.vmod)
Summary Results (.vsum)

Notes: The Auxiliary Input File (.vaux) uses a modified csv format with some special headers.

Examples

Exampl 1: Acceleration Limiting File

v [km/h],acc [m/s^2]     ,dec [m/s^2]
0       ,1.01570922360353,-0.231742702878269
5       ,1.38546581120225,-0.45346198022574
10      ,1.34993329755465,-0.565404125020508
15      ,1.29026714002479,-0.703434814668512

Example 2: Driving Cycle

<s>,<v>,<grad>      ,<stop>,<Padd>,<Aux_ALT1>,<Aux_ALT2>,<Aux_ALT3>
0  ,0  ,-0.020237973,2     ,6.1   ,0.25      ,0.25      ,0.25
1  ,64 ,-0.020237973,0     ,6.1   ,0.25      ,0.25      ,0.25
2  ,64 ,-0.020237973,0     ,6.1   ,0.25      ,0.25      ,0.25
3  ,64 ,-0.020237973,0     ,6.1   ,0.25      ,0.25      ,0.25

Example 3: Transmission Loss Map

Input Speed [rpm],Input Torque [Nm],Torque Loss [Nm]
0                ,-2500            ,77.5
0                ,-1500            ,62.5
0                ,-500             ,47.5
0                ,500              ,47.5

JSON

Configuration and component files in Vecto use JSON as common file format.

Following files use JSON:

Job
Vehicle
Engine
Gearbox

Job File

File for the definition of an job in vecto. A job contains everything what is needed to run a simulation. Can be created with the Job Editor.

File format is JSON.
Filetype ending is “.vecto”

Refers to other files:

Vehicle (VVEH)
Engine (VENG)
Gearbox (VGBX)
Driving Cycle (VDRI)
Auxiliary Input File (VAUX)
Acceleration Limiting (VACC)

Example:

{
  "Header": {
    "CreatedBy": "Michael Krisper (Graz University of Technology)",
    "Date": "2016-03-18T14:37:05+01:00",
    "AppVersion": "3.0.2",
    "FileVersion": 2
  },
  "Body": {
    "SavedInDeclMode": false,
    "VehicleFile": "Vehicle.vveh",
    "EngineFile": "Engine.veng",
    "GearboxFile": "Gearbox.vgbx",
    "Cycles": [
      "DrivingCycle_Rural.vdri",
      "DrivingCycle_Urban.vdri"
    ],
    "Aux": [
      {
        "ID": "ALT",
        "Type": "Alternator",
        "Path": "Alternator.vaux",
        "Technology": ""
      },
      {
        "ID": "PN",
        "Type": "PneumaticSystem",
        "Path": "Pneumatic System.vaux",
        "Technology": ""
      },
      {
        "ID": "HVAC",
        "Type": "HVAC",
        "Path": "AirCondition.vaux",
        "Technology": ""
      }
    ],
    "VACC": "Driver.vacc",
    "EngineOnlyMode": true,
    "StartStop": {
      "Enabled": false,
      "MaxSpeed": 5.0,
      "MinTime": 0.0,
      "Delay": 0
    },
    "LAC": {
      "Enabled": true,
      "Dec": -0.5,
      "MinSpeed": 50.0
    },
    "OverSpeedEcoRoll": {
      "Mode": "OverSpeed",
      "MinSpeed": 70.0,
      "OverSpeed": 5.0,
      "UnderSpeed": 5.0
    }
  }
}

Vehicle File

File for the definition of a vehicle in vecto. Can be created with the Vehicle Editor.

File format is JSON.
Filetype ending is “.vveh”

Refers to other files:

Cross Wind Correction (VCDV, VCDB)
Retarder Loss Map (VRLM)

Example:

{
  "Header": {
    "CreatedBy": "Michael Krisper (Graz University of Technology)",
    "Date": "2016-03-18T14:42:45+01:00",
    "AppVersion": "3.0.2",
    "FileVersion": 7
  },
  "Body": {
    "SavedInDeclMode": false,
    "VehCat": "RigidTruck",
    "CurbWeight": 6000.0,
    "CurbWeightExtra": 0.0,
    "Loading": 0.0,
    "MassMax": 11.9,
    "CdA": 4.5,
    "rdyn": 450,
    "Rim": "15° DC Rims",
    "CdCorrMode": "CdOfVeng",
    "CdCorrFile": "CrossWindCorrection.vcdv",
    "Retarder": {
      "Type": "Secondary",
      "Ratio": 1.0,
      "File": "Retarder.vrlm"
    },
    "AxleConfig": {
      "Type": "4x2",
      "Axles": [
        {
          "Inertia": 6.0,
          "Wheels": "245/70 R19.5",
          "AxleWeightShare": 0.0,
          "TwinTyres": false,
          "RRCISO": 0.008343465,
          "FzISO": 20800.0
        },
        {
          "Inertia": 6.0,
          "Wheels": "245/70 R19.5",
          "AxleWeightShare": 0.0,
          "TwinTyres": true,
          "RRCISO": 0.00943769,
          "FzISO": 20800.0
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Speed Dependent Cross Wind Correction Input File (.vcdv)

The file is needed for speed dependent Cross Wind Correction. The file uses the VECTO CSV format.

Filetype: .vcdv
Header: v_veh [km/h], Cd [-]
- v_veh [km/h]: the vehicle speed
- Cd [-]: the scaling factor which will be multiplied with the base C_dA value.
Requires at least 2 data entries

Example:

v_veh [km/h],Cd [-]
0           ,1.173
5           ,1.173
10          ,1.173
15          ,1.173
20          ,1.173
25          ,1.173
30          ,1.173
35          ,1.173
40          ,1.173
45          ,1.173
50          ,1.173
55          ,1.173
60          ,1.173
65          ,1.153
70          ,1.136
75          ,1.121
80          ,1.109
85          ,1.099
90          ,1.090
95          ,1.082
100         ,1.07

Vair & Beta Cross Wind Correction Input File (.vcdb)

The file is needed for Vair & Beta Cross Wind Correction. The file uses the VECTO CSV format.

Filetype: .vcdb
Header: beta [°], delta CdA [m^2]
- beta [°]: the wind yaw angle (0° means that the wind comes directly from the front)
- delta CdA [m^2]: The ΔC_dA value which will be added to the base C_dA value.
Requires at least 2 data entries

Example:

beta [°],delta CdA [m^2]
0       ,0.00
1       ,0.07
2       ,0.21
3       ,0.40
4       ,0.64
5       ,0.90
6       ,1.19
7       ,1.48
8       ,1.76
9       ,2.02
10      ,2.25
20      ,3.14
40      ,3.24
60      ,-0.76
80      ,-4.76
100     ,-9.01
120     ,-15.01
140     ,-21.01
160     ,-20.86
180     ,-16.15

Retarder Loss Torque Input File (.vrlm)

This file is used to define retarder idling losses. It can be used for primary and secondary retarders and must be set in the Vehicle File. The file uses the VECTO CSV format.

Filetype: .vrlm
Header: Retarder Speed [1/min], Torque Loss [Nm]
Requires at least 2 data entries

Example:

Retarder Speed [1/min],Torque Loss [Nm]
0                     ,10
100                   ,10.02
200                   ,10.08
300                   ,10.18
...

Engine File

File for the definition of an engine in Vecto. Can be created with the Engine Editor.

File format is JSON.
Filetype ending is “.veng”

Refers to other files:

Full Load And Drag Curve (VFLD)
Fuel Consumption (VMAP)

Example:

{
  "Header": {
    "CreatedBy": "Michael Krisper (Graz University of Technology",
    "Date": "2016-03-18T14:48:38+01:00",
    "AppVersion": "3.0.2",
    "FileVersion": 3
  },
  "Body": {
    "SavedInDeclMode": false,
    "ModelName": "Engine",
    "Displacement": 7700.0,
    "IdlingSpeed": 600.0,
    "Inertia": 3.789,
    "FullLoadCurve": "EngineFullLoadCurve.vfld",
    "FuelMap": "FuelConsumptionMap.vmap",
    "WHTC-Urban": 0.97,
    "WHTC-Rural": 0.99,
    "WHTC-Motorway": 1.05
  }
}

Full Load and Drag Curves (.vfld)

This file contains the full load and drag curves and the PT1 values for the transient full load calculation. The file uses the VECTO CSV format.

Filetype: .vfld
Header: engine speed [1/min], full load torque [Nm], motoring torque [Nm], PT1 [s]
- engine speed [1/min]: the engine speed in rpm.
- full load torque [Nm]: the maximum possible full load for the engine speed.
- motoring torque [Nm]: the minimum possible drag load in motoring for the engine speed.
- PT1 [s]: the PT1 constant for the transient full load calculation.
Requires at least 2 data entries

Example:

engine speed [1/min],full load torque [Nm],motoring torque [Nm],PT1 [s]
560                 ,1180                 ,-149                ,0.6
600                 ,1282                 ,-148                ,0.6
800                 ,1791                 ,-149                ,0.6
...

Fuel Consumption Map (.vmap)

The FC map is used to interpolate the base fuel consumption before corrections are applied. For details see Fuel Consumption Calculation. The file uses the VECTO CSV format.

Filetype: .vmap
Header: engine speed [rpm], torque [Nm], fuel consumption [g/h]
Requires at least 3 data entries
The map must cover the full engine range between full load and motoring curve.

Extrapolation of fuel consumption map is not possible.

Extrapolation of fuel consumption map is possible in Engineering Mode (with warnings!). In Declaration Mode it is not allowed.

Example:

engine speed [rpm],torque [Nm],fuel consumption [g/h]
600               ,-45        ,0
600               ,0          ,767
600               ,100        ,1759
600               ,200        ,2890
600               ,300        ,4185
600               ,400        ,5404
600               ,500        ,6535
600               ,600        ,7578
...

Gearbox File

File for the definition of a gearbox in Vecto. Can be created with the Gearbox Editor.

File format is JSON.
Filetype ending is “.vgbx”

Refers to other files:

Shift Polygon (VGBS)
Loss Map (VTLM)
Full Load Curve (VFLD)
Torque Converter (VTCC)

Example:

{
  "Header": {
    "CreatedBy": "Michael Krisper (Graz University of Technology)",
    "Date": "2016-03-18T14:37:18+01:00",
    "AppVersion": "3.0.2",
    "FileVersion": 5
  },
  "Body": {
    "SavedInDeclMode": false,
    "ModelName": "Generic 8 Gears",
    "Inertia": 0.0,
    "TracInt": 1.0,
    "Gears": [
      {
        "Ratio": 3.2,
        "LossMap": "Axle.vtlm"
      },
      {
        "Ratio": 6.4,
        "LossMap": "Indirect Gear.vtlm",
        "TCactive": false,
        "ShiftPolygon": "ShiftPolygon.vgbs",
        "FullLoadCurve": "<NOFILE>"
      },
      {
        "Ratio": 4.6,
        "LossMap": "Indirect Gear.vtlm",
        "TCactive": false,
        "ShiftPolygon": "ShiftPolygon.vgbs",
        "FullLoadCurve": "<NOFILE>"
      },
      {
        "Ratio": 3.4,
        "LossMap": "Indirect Gear.vtlm",
        "TCactive": false,
        "ShiftPolygon": "ShiftPolygon.vgbs",
        "FullLoadCurve": "<NOFILE>"
      },
      {
        "Ratio": 2.6,
        "LossMap": "Indirect Gear.vtlm",
        "TCactive": false,
        "ShiftPolygon": "ShiftPolygon.vgbs",
        "FullLoadCurve": "<NOFILE>"
      },
      {
        "Ratio": 1.9,
        "LossMap": "Indirect Gear.vtlm",
        "TCactive": false,
        "ShiftPolygon": "ShiftPolygon.vgbs",
        "FullLoadCurve": "<NOFILE>"
      },
      {
        "Ratio": 1.3,
        "LossMap": "Indirect Gear.vtlm",
        "TCactive": false,
        "ShiftPolygon": "ShiftPolygon.vgbs",
        "FullLoadCurve": "<NOFILE>"
      },
      {
        "Ratio": 1,
        "LossMap": "Direct Gear.vtlm",
        "TCactive": false,
        "ShiftPolygon": "ShiftPolygon.vgbs",
        "FullLoadCurve": "<NOFILE>"
      },
      {
        "Ratio": 0.75,
        "LossMap": "Indirect Gear.vtlm",
        "TCactive": false,
        "ShiftPolygon": "ShiftPolygon.vgbs",
        "FullLoadCurve": "<NOFILE>"
      }
    ],
    "TqReserve": 20.0,
    "SkipGears": true,
    "ShiftTime": 2,
    "EaryShiftUp": true,
    "StartTqReserve": 20.0,
    "StartSpeed": 2.0,
    "StartAcc": 0.6,
    "GearboxType": "AMT",
    "TorqueConverter": {
      "Enabled": false,
      "File": "<NOFILE>",
      "RefRPM": 0.0,
      "Inertia": 0.0
    }
  }
}

Shift Polygons Input File (.vgbs)

Defines up- and down-shift curves. See Gear Shift Model for details. The file uses the VECTO CSV format.

Filetype: .vgbs
Header: engine torque [Nm], downshift rpm [1/min], upshift rpm [1/min]
Requires at least 2 data entries

Example:

engine torque [Nm],downshift rpm [1/min],upshift rpm [1/min]
-400              ,560                  ,1289
759               ,560                  ,1289
1252              ,742                  ,1289
2372              ,1155                 ,1942
...

Example Graph:

A typical shift curve.

Transmission Loss Map

This file defines losses in gearbox and axle transmission and must be provided for each gear in the Gearbox File. The file uses the VECTO CSV format.

Filetype: .vtlm
Header: Input Speed [rpm], Input Torque [Nm], Torque Loss [Nm]
Requires at least 3 data entries

Input speed and input torque are meant at the engine-side.

Example:

Input Speed [rpm],Input Torque [Nm],Torque Loss [Nm]
0                ,-350             ,6.81
0                ,-150             ,5.81
0                ,50               ,5.31
0                ,250              ,6.31
0                ,450              ,7.31
0                ,650              ,8.31

Sign of torque values

Input Torque >0 means normal driving operation.
Input Torque <0 means motoring operation. The Torque Loss Map must include negative torque values for engine motoring operation!
Torque Loss is always positive!

Calculation of Output Torque

VECTO calculates the output torque using this formula, independent from the current operation mode (driving/braking):

\(T_{output} = (T_{input} - T_{loss}) * r_{gear}\)

with:

T_output … Output torque
T_input … Input torque
T_loss … Torque loss
r_gear … The tranmission ratio for the gurrent gear

Torque Converter Characteristics (.vtcc)

!!! The Torque Converter Model is still in development !!!

The file uses the VECTO CSV format.

Filetype: .vtlm
Header: Speed Ratio, Torque Ratio, Input Torque at reference rpm
Requires at least 2 data entries

See Torque Converter Model for more information about the component model.

Auxiliary Input File (.vaux)

This file is used to configure a single auxiliary. Multiple .vaux files can be defined in the Job File via the Auxiliary Dialog. The file uses the VECTO CSV format with three additional parameters on top of the efficiency map.

See Auxiliaries for details on how the power demand for each auxiliary is calculated.

Filetype: .vaux
Multiple Header must exist in the following sequence:
- Transmission ratio to engine rpm [-]: Speed ratio between auxiliary and engine. Followed by just one value line.
- Efficiency to engine [-]: Efficiency of auxiliary (belt/gear) drive. Followed by just one value line.
- Efficiency auxiliary to supply [-]: Consumer efficiency. Followed by just one value line.
- Auxiliary speed [rpm], Mechanical power [kW], Supply power [kW]
  - Actual map entries
Requires exact one value for the first 3 headers, and at least 3 data lines for the map entries.

Example:

Transmission ratio to engine rpm [-]
4.078
Efficiency to engine [-]
0.96
Efficiency auxiliary to supply [-]
1
Auxiliary speed [rpm],Mechanical power [kW],Supply power [kW]
1415                 ,0.07                 ,0
1415                 ,0.87                 ,0.53
1415                 ,1.03                 ,0.64
1415                 ,1.17                 ,0.75
...

Advanced Auxiliary Input Data (.aaux)

Example:

{
  "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.AuxiliaryConfig, BusAuxiliaries",
  "VectoInputs": {
    "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.VectoInputs, AdvancedAuxiliaryInterfaces",
    "Cycle": "Urban",
    "VehicleWeightKG": 16500.0,
    "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
    "FuelMap": "testFuelGoodMap.vmap",
    "FuelDensity": null
  },
  "ElectricalUserInputsConfig": {
    "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricsUserInputsConfig, BusAuxiliaries",
    "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
    "AlternatorMap": "testCombAlternatorMap_1Alt.AALT",
    "AlternatorGearEfficiency": 0.92,
    "ElectricalConsumers": {
      "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricalConsumerList, BusAuxiliaries",
      "DoorDutyCycleFraction": 0.096,
      "Items": [
        {
          "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricalConsumer, BusAuxiliaries",
          "BaseVehicle": false,
          "Category": "Doors",
          "ConsumerName": "Doors per Door",
          "NominalConsumptionAmps": 3.0,
          "NumberInActualVehicle": 3,
          "PhaseIdle_TractionOn": 0.096339,
          "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
          "Info": ""
        },
        {
          "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricalConsumer, BusAuxiliaries",
          "BaseVehicle": true,
          "Category": "Veh Electronics &Engine",
          "ConsumerName": "Controllers,Valves etc",
          "NominalConsumptionAmps": 25.0,
          "NumberInActualVehicle": 1,
          "PhaseIdle_TractionOn": 1.0,
          "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
          "Info": ""
        },
        {
          "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricalConsumer, BusAuxiliaries",
          "BaseVehicle": false,
          "Category": "Vehicle basic equipment",
          "ConsumerName": "Radio City",
          "NominalConsumptionAmps": 2.0,
          "NumberInActualVehicle": 1,
          "PhaseIdle_TractionOn": 0.8,
          "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
          "Info": ""
        },
        {
          "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricalConsumer, BusAuxiliaries",
          "BaseVehicle": false,
          "Category": "Vehicle basic equipment",
          "ConsumerName": "Radio Intercity",
          "NominalConsumptionAmps": 5.0,
          "NumberInActualVehicle": 0,
          "PhaseIdle_TractionOn": 0.8,
          "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
          "Info": ""
        },
        {
          "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricalConsumer, BusAuxiliaries",
          "BaseVehicle": false,
          "Category": "Vehicle basic equipment",
          "ConsumerName": "Radio/Audio Tourism",
          "NominalConsumptionAmps": 9.0,
          "NumberInActualVehicle": 0,
          "PhaseIdle_TractionOn": 0.8,
          "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
          "Info": ""
        },
        {
          "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricalConsumer, BusAuxiliaries",
          "BaseVehicle": false,
          "Category": "Vehicle basic equipment",
          "ConsumerName": "Fridge",
          "NominalConsumptionAmps": 4.0,
          "NumberInActualVehicle": 0,
          "PhaseIdle_TractionOn": 0.5,
          "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
          "Info": ""
        },
        {
          "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricalConsumer, BusAuxiliaries",
          "BaseVehicle": false,
          "Category": "Vehicle basic equipment",
          "ConsumerName": "Kitchen Standard",
          "NominalConsumptionAmps": 67.0,
          "NumberInActualVehicle": 0,
          "PhaseIdle_TractionOn": 0.05,
          "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
          "Info": ""
        },
        {
          "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricalConsumer, BusAuxiliaries",
          "BaseVehicle": false,
          "Category": "Vehicle basic equipment",
          "ConsumerName": "Interior lights City/ Intercity + Doorlights [1/m]",
          "NominalConsumptionAmps": 1.0,
          "NumberInActualVehicle": 12,
          "PhaseIdle_TractionOn": 0.7,
          "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
          "Info": "1 Per metre length of bus"
        },
        {
          "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricalConsumer, BusAuxiliaries",
          "BaseVehicle": false,
          "Category": "Vehicle basic equipment",
          "ConsumerName": "LED Interior lights ceiling city/ontercity + door [1/m]",
          "NominalConsumptionAmps": 0.6,
          "NumberInActualVehicle": 0,
          "PhaseIdle_TractionOn": 0.7,
          "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
          "Info": "1 Per metre length of bus"
        },
        {
          "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricalConsumer, BusAuxiliaries",
          "BaseVehicle": false,
          "Category": "Vehicle basic equipment",
          "ConsumerName": "Interior lights Tourism + reading [1/m]",
          "NominalConsumptionAmps": 1.1,
          "NumberInActualVehicle": 0,
          "PhaseIdle_TractionOn": 0.7,
          "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
          "Info": "1 Per metre length of bus"
        },
        {
          "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricalConsumer, BusAuxiliaries",
          "BaseVehicle": false,
          "Category": "Vehicle basic equipment",
          "ConsumerName": "LED Interior lights ceiling Tourism + LED reading [1/m]",
          "NominalConsumptionAmps": 0.66,
          "NumberInActualVehicle": 0,
          "PhaseIdle_TractionOn": 0.7,
          "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
          "Info": "1 Per metre length of bus"
        },
        {
          "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricalConsumer, BusAuxiliaries",
          "BaseVehicle": false,
          "Category": "Customer Specific Equipment",
          "ConsumerName": "External Displays Font/Side/Rear",
          "NominalConsumptionAmps": 2.65017676,
          "NumberInActualVehicle": 4,
          "PhaseIdle_TractionOn": 1.0,
          "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
          "Info": ""
        },
        {
          "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricalConsumer, BusAuxiliaries",
          "BaseVehicle": false,
          "Category": "Customer Specific Equipment",
          "ConsumerName": "Internal display per unit ( front side rear)",
          "NominalConsumptionAmps": 1.06007063,
          "NumberInActualVehicle": 1,
          "PhaseIdle_TractionOn": 1.0,
          "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
          "Info": ""
        },
        {
          "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricalConsumer, BusAuxiliaries",
          "BaseVehicle": false,
          "Category": "Customer Specific Equipment",
          "ConsumerName": "CityBus Ref EBSF Table4 Devices ITS No Displays",
          "NominalConsumptionAmps": 9.3,
          "NumberInActualVehicle": 1,
          "PhaseIdle_TractionOn": 1.0,
          "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
          "Info": ""
        },
        {
          "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricalConsumer, BusAuxiliaries",
          "BaseVehicle": false,
          "Category": "Lights",
          "ConsumerName": "Exterior Lights BULB",
          "NominalConsumptionAmps": 7.4,
          "NumberInActualVehicle": 1,
          "PhaseIdle_TractionOn": 1.0,
          "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
          "Info": ""
        },
        {
          "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricalConsumer, BusAuxiliaries",
          "BaseVehicle": false,
          "Category": "Lights",
          "ConsumerName": "Day running lights LED bonus",
          "NominalConsumptionAmps": -0.723,
          "NumberInActualVehicle": 1,
          "PhaseIdle_TractionOn": 1.0,
          "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
          "Info": ""
        },
        {
          "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricalConsumer, BusAuxiliaries",
          "BaseVehicle": false,
          "Category": "Lights",
          "ConsumerName": "Antifog rear lights LED bonus",
          "NominalConsumptionAmps": -0.17,
          "NumberInActualVehicle": 1,
          "PhaseIdle_TractionOn": 1.0,
          "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
          "Info": ""
        },
        {
          "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricalConsumer, BusAuxiliaries",
          "BaseVehicle": false,
          "Category": "Lights",
          "ConsumerName": "Position lights LED bonus",
          "NominalConsumptionAmps": -1.2,
          "NumberInActualVehicle": 1,
          "PhaseIdle_TractionOn": 1.0,
          "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
          "Info": ""
        },
        {
          "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricalConsumer, BusAuxiliaries",
          "BaseVehicle": false,
          "Category": "Lights",
          "ConsumerName": "Direction lights LED bonus",
          "NominalConsumptionAmps": -0.3,
          "NumberInActualVehicle": 1,
          "PhaseIdle_TractionOn": 1.0,
          "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
          "Info": ""
        },
        {
          "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ElectricalConsumer, BusAuxiliaries",
          "BaseVehicle": false,
          "Category": "Lights",
          "ConsumerName": "Brake Lights LED bonus",
          "NominalConsumptionAmps": -1.2,
          "NumberInActualVehicle": 1,
          "PhaseIdle_TractionOn": 1.0,
          "PowerNetVoltage": 28.3,
          "Info": ""
        }
      ]
    },
    "DoorActuationTimeSecond": 4,
    "ResultCardIdle": {
      "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ResultCard, BusAuxiliaries",
      "Results": []
    },
    "ResultCardTraction": {
      "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ResultCard, BusAuxiliaries",
      "Results": []
    },
    "ResultCardOverrun": {
      "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Electrics.ResultCard, BusAuxiliaries",
      "Results": []
    },
    "SmartElectrical": false
  },
  "PneumaticUserInputsConfig": {
    "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Pneumatics.PneumaticUserInputsConfig, BusAuxiliaries",
    "CompressorMap": "DEFAULT_2-Cylinder_1-Stage_650ccm.ACMP",
    "CompressorGearRatio": 1.0,
    "CompressorGearEfficiency": 0.8,
    "AdBlueDosing": "Pneumatic",
    "AirSuspensionControl": "Electrically",
    "Doors": "Pneumatic",
    "KneelingHeightMillimeters": 80.0,
    "ActuationsMap": "testPneumaticActuationsMap.APAC",
    "RetarderBrake": true,
    "SmartAirCompression": true,
    "SmartRegeneration": true
  },
  "PneumaticAuxillariesConfig": {
    "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Pneumatics.PneumaticsAuxilliariesConfig, BusAuxiliaries",
    "AdBlueNIperMinute": 21.25,
    "AirControlledSuspensionNIperMinute": 15.0,
    "BrakingNoRetarderNIperKG": 0.00081,
    "BrakingWithRetarderNIperKG": 0.0006,
    "BreakingPerKneelingNIperKGinMM": 6.6E-05,
    "DeadVolBlowOutsPerLitresperHour": 24.0,
    "DeadVolumeLitres": 30.0,
    "NonSmartRegenFractionTotalAirDemand": 0.26,
    "OverrunUtilisationForCompressionFraction": 0.97,
    "PerDoorOpeningNI": 12.7,
    "PerStopBrakeActuationNIperKG": 0.00064,
    "SmartRegenFractionTotalAirDemand": 0.12
  },
  "HvacUserInputsConfig": {
    "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Hvac.HVACUserInputsConfig, BusAuxiliaries",
    "SSMFilePath": "testHVACssm.AHSM",
    "BusDatabasePath": "BusDatabase.abdb",
    "SSMDisabled": false
  },
  "Signals": {
    "$type": "VectoAuxiliaries.Signals, AdvancedAuxiliaryInterfaces",
    "ClutchEngaged": false,
    "EngineDrivelinePower": 0.0,
    "EngineDrivelineTorque": 0.0,
    "EngineMotoringPower": 0.0,
    "EngineSpeed": 2000,
    "SmartElectrics": false,
    "SmartPneumatics": false,
    "TotalCycleTimeSeconds": 3114,
    "CurrentCycleTimeInSeconds": 0,
    "PreExistingAuxPower": 0.0,
    "Idle": false,
    "InNeutral": false,
    "AuxiliaryEventReportingLevel": 0,
    "EngineStopped": false,
    "DeclarationMode": false,
    "WHTC": 1.0,
    "EngineIdleSpeed": 0.0
  }
}

Alternator Input Data (.aalt)

[AlternatorName],[RPM],[Amps],[Efficiency],[PulleyRatio]
Alt1,2000,10.000,50.000,3.000
Alt1,2000,40.000,50.000,3.000
Alt1,2000,60.000,50.000,3.000
Alt1,4000,10.000,70.000,3.000
Alt1,4000,40.000,70.000,3.000
Alt1,4000,60.000,70.000,3.000
Alt1,6000,10.000,60.000,3.000
Alt1,6000,40.000,60.000,3.000
Alt1,6000,60.000,60.000,3.000
Alt2,2000,10.000,80.000,2.500
Alt2,2000,40.000,80.000,2.500
Alt2,2000,60.000,80.000,2.500
Alt2,4000,10.000,40.000,2.500
Alt2,4000,40.000,40.000,2.500
Alt2,4000,60.000,40.000,2.500
Alt2,6000,10.000,60.000,2.500
Alt2,6000,40.000,60.000,2.500
Alt2,6000,60.000,60.000,2.500
Alt3,2000,10.000,95.000,3.500
Alt3,2000,40.000,50.000,3.500
Alt3,2000,60.000,90.000,3.500
Alt3,4000,10.000,99.000,3.500
Alt3,4000,40.000,1.000,3.500
Alt3,4000,60.000,55.000,3.500
Alt3,6000,10.000,94.000,3.500
Alt3,6000,40.000,86.000,3.500
Alt3,6000,60.000,13.000,3.500
Alt4,2000,10.000,55.000,2.000
Alt4,2000,40.000,45.000,2.000
Alt4,2000,60.000,67.000,2.000
Alt4,4000,10.000,77.000,2.000
Alt4,4000,40.000,39.000,2.000
Alt4,4000,60.000,23.000,2.000
Alt4,6000,10.000,34.000,2.000
Alt4,6000,40.000,67.000,2.000
Alt4,6000,60.000,35.000,2.000
[MODELSOURCE]

** Alt1 ** , PulleyRatio 3
******************************************************************

Table 1 (2000)  Table 2 (4000)  Table 3 (6000)
Amps    Eff Amps    Eff Amps    Eff 

0   50.000  0   70.000  0   60.000  
10  50.000  10  70.000  10  60.000  
40  50.000  40  70.000  40  60.000  
60  50.000  60  70.000  60  60.000  
61  50.000  61  70.000  61  60.000  
200 50.000  200 70.000  200 60.000  

** Alt2 ** , PulleyRatio 2.5
******************************************************************

Table 1 (2000)  Table 2 (4000)  Table 3 (6000)
Amps    Eff Amps    Eff Amps    Eff 

0   80.000  0   40.000  0   60.000  
10  80.000  10  40.000  10  60.000  
40  80.000  40  40.000  40  60.000  
60  80.000  60  40.000  60  60.000  
61  80.000  61  40.000  61  60.000  
200 80.000  200 40.000  200 60.000  

** Alt3 ** , PulleyRatio 3.5
******************************************************************

Table 1 (2000)  Table 2 (4000)  Table 3 (6000)
Amps    Eff Amps    Eff Amps    Eff 

0   95.000  0   99.000  0   94.000  
10  95.000  10  99.000  10  94.000  
40  50.000  40  1.000   40  86.000  
60  90.000  60  55.000  60  13.000  
63  95.000  76  99.000  64  0.000   
200 95.000  200 99.000  200 0.000   

** Alt4 ** , PulleyRatio 2
******************************************************************

Table 1 (2000)  Table 2 (4000)  Table 3 (6000)
Amps    Eff Amps    Eff Amps    Eff 

0   55.000  0   77.000  0   34.000  
10  55.000  10  77.000  10  34.000  
40  45.000  40  39.000  40  67.000  
60  67.000  60  23.000  60  35.000  
61  67.000  89  0.000   82  0.000   
200 67.000  200 0.000   200 0.000   

********* COMBINED EFFICIENCY VALUES **************

    RPM VALUES
AMPS    500 1500    2500    3500    4500    5500    6500    7500
1   0.659   0.686   0.644   0.521   0.430   0.371   0.330   0.308   
2   0.659   0.686   0.644   0.521   0.430   0.371   0.330   0.308   
3   0.659   0.686   0.644   0.521   0.430   0.371   0.330   0.308   
4   0.659   0.686   0.644   0.521   0.430   0.371   0.330   0.308   
5   0.659   0.686   0.644   0.521   0.430   0.371   0.330   0.308   
6   0.659   0.686   0.644   0.521   0.430   0.371   0.330   0.308   
7   0.659   0.686   0.644   0.521   0.430   0.371   0.330   0.308   
8   0.659   0.686   0.644   0.521   0.430   0.371   0.330   0.308   
9   0.659   0.686   0.644   0.521   0.430   0.371   0.330   0.308   
10  0.659   0.686   0.644   0.521   0.430   0.371   0.330   0.308   
11  0.659   0.686   0.644   0.521   0.430   0.371   0.330   0.308   
12  0.659   0.686   0.644   0.521   0.430   0.371   0.330   0.308   
13  0.659   0.686   0.644   0.521   0.430   0.371   0.330   0.308   
14  0.659   0.686   0.644   0.521   0.430   0.371   0.330   0.308   
15  0.659   0.686   0.644   0.521   0.430   0.371   0.330   0.308   
16  0.659   0.686   0.644   0.521   0.430   0.371   0.330   0.308   
17  0.659   0.686   0.644   0.521   0.430   0.371   0.330   0.308   
18  0.659   0.686   0.644   0.521   0.430   0.371   0.330   0.308   
19  0.659   0.686   0.644   0.521   0.430   0.371   0.330   0.308   
20  0.659   0.686   0.644   0.521   0.430   0.371   0.330   0.308   
...

Advanced Compressor Map (.acmp)

This file is used to configure the compressor map for pneumatic auxiliaries, and contains data relating to the compressor performance at various engine speeds.

File Format

The file uses the VECTO CSV format, with an example provided below.

Format

Example Configuration for Advanced Compressor Map:

RPM, FlowRate [l/min], Power [on] [W], Power [off] [W]
1500, 200, 2000, 1000
2000, 400, 4000, 2000
3000, 600, 6000, 3000
4000, 800, 8000, 4000
5000, 1000, 10000, 5000
6000, 1200, 12000, 6000
7000, 1400, 14000, 7000

The following four Default maps have been provided for use until a certified test procedure is established:

DEFAULT_1-Cylinder_1-Stage_393ccm

rpm,flowRate [l/min],power [on] [W],power [off] [W]
500,83.42357042,1428,181.9
750,141.6565216,1890,342.4
1000,198.5612781,2467.5,513.6
1250,241.9965577,3097.5,716.9
1500,293.5664883,3759,866.7
1750,335.5358341,4294.5,1080.7
2000,398.488427,5166,1273.3
2250,425.0944822,6006,1433.8
2500,458.3225806,6541.5,1540.8
2750,478.2312925,7066.5,1712
3000,511.85438,7665,1958.1

DEFAULT_2-Cylinder_1-Stage_650ccm

rpm,flowRate [l/min],power [on] [W],power [off] [W]
800,250.5365596,3139.5,524.3
1200,374.3533986,4609.5,1027.2
1600,508.4123859,6205.5,1572.9
2000,619.1263282,7770,2065.1
2400,762.6185788,9723,2696.4
2550,819.2371476,10363.5,2856.9
2800,898.7501978,11613,3349.1
3200,979.4827586,13282.5,4012.5

DEFAULT_2-Cylinder_2-Stage_398ccm

rpm,flowRate [l/min],power [on] [W],power [off] [W]
800,209.7130243,2079,160.5
1200,348.3681702,3160.5,342.4
1600,411.2603567,4315.5,604.55
2000,520.8333333,5901,963
2400,598.4042553,6961.5,1433.8
2550,618.1318681,7360.5,1637.1
2800,655.1473124,8127,1968.8
3200,806.2234795,10043.25,2755.25
3600,857.9169175,11571,3702.2

DEFAULT_3-Cylinder_2-Stage_598ccm

rpm,flowRate [l/min],power [on] [W],power [off] [W]
700,268.8679245,2698.5,149.8
1200,455.170778,4641,363.8
1700,619.9877948,6772.5,823.9
2200,723.0141287,8778,1508.7
2550,800.5469547,10468.5,2075.8
2800,913.4228898,12253.5,2461
3300,996.5379955,14070,3145.8
3550,1048.442907,15078,3755.7

Pneumatic Actuations Map (.apac)

This file contains data on number of different kinds of pneumatic actuations on different duty cycles.

Important notes Note that the cycle file name used should ideally respect this syntax to be correctly associated with the actuation map (.apac), otherwise the number of actuations will be set at 0 by default:

“AnyOtherText _X_Bus.vdri“, with”X" = “Urban”, “Heavy urban”, “Suburban”, or “Interurban”
“AnyOtherText_Coach.vdri”

File Format

The file uses the VECTO CSV format, with an example provided below, with the default values based on the methodology agreed with the European Commission and the project Steering Group.

Format

Default Configuration for Pneumatic Actuations Map:

ConsumerName, CycleName, Actuations
Brakes, Heavy Urban, 191
Brakes, Urban, 153
Brakes, Suburban, 49
Brakes, Interurban, 190
Brakes, Coach, 27
Brakes, UnknownCycleName, 0
Park brake + 2 doors, Heavy Urban, 82
Park brake + 2 doors, Urban, 75
Park brake + 2 doors, Suburban, 25
Park brake + 2 doors, Interurban, 9
Park brake + 2 doors, Coach, 6
Park brake + 2 doors, UnknownCycleName, 0
Kneeling, Heavy Urban, 27
Kneeling, Urban, 25
Kneeling, Suburban, 6
Kneeling, Interurban, 0
Kneeling, Coach, 0
Kneeling, UnknownCycleName, 0,

Environmental Conditions Batch Input File (.aenv)

This file contains data on number of different environmental/climatic conditions that can be run through the HVAC SSM module when it is in batch-mode to generate a weighted average output for HVAC power and fuelling loads.

File Format

The file uses the VECTO CSV format, with an example provided below, with the default values based on the methodology agreed with the European Commission and the project Steering Group.

Format

Default Climatic Conditions input file:

ID, EnvTemp, Solar, WeightingFactor
1, -20, 10, 0.0053
2, -5, 30, 0.0826
3, 2, 30, 0.0826
4, 8, 20, 0.1661
5, 8, 155, 0.0826
6, 14, 30, 0.0826
7, 14, 175, 0.1243
8, 20.5, 30, 0.1243
9, 20.5, 200, 0.1243
10, 26, 150, 0.0826
11, 33, 150, 0.0427

Driving Cycles

A Driving Cycle defines the parameters of a simulated route in Vecto. It is either time-based or distance-based and has different fields depending on the driving cycle type. The basic file format is Vecto-CSV and the file type ending is “.vdri”. A Job must have at least one driving cycle (except in Declaration mode, where the driving cycles are predefined).

Driving Cycle Types

Declaration Mode: Target speed, distance-based
Engineering Mode:
Engine Only Mode: Engine Only Mode, time-based

Distance-based cycles must have at least a resolution of 1[m].
Time-based cycles must have exactly a resolution of 1[s].

Distance-based cycles can be defined in any distance resolution, including variable distance steps.
Time-based cycles can be defined in any time resolution, including variable time steps.

Declaration Mode Cycles

In Declaration Mode driving cycles are automatically chosen depending on vehicle category and cannot be changed by the user. These predefined cycles are of type target-speed, distance-based.

Coach: 275km
Construction: 21km
Heavy Urban: 30km
Inter Urban: 123km
Long Haul: 100km
Municipal Utility: 10km
Regional Delivery: 26km
Sub Urban: 23km
Urban: 40km
Urban Delivery: 28km

Engineering Mode: Target-Speed, Distance-Based Cycle

This driving cycle defines the target speed over distance. Vecto tries to achieve and maintain this target speed.

Header: <s>, <v>, <stop>[, <Padd>][, <grad>][, <vair_res>, <vair_beta>][, <Aux_ID>]

Identifier	Unit	Description
s	[m]	Traveled distance. Must always be increasing.
v	[km/h]	The target vehicle velocity. Must be >= 0 km/h.
stop	[s]	Stopping Time. Defines the time span the vehicle is standing still (time the vehicle spending in a stop phase). After this time, the vehicle tries to accelerate to <v>.
Padd	[kW]	Additional auxiliary power demand. This power demand will be directly added to the engine power in addition to possible other auxiliaries. Must be >= 0 kW.
grad	[%]	The road gradient.
vair_res	[km/h]	Air speed relative to vehicle for cross wind correction. Only required if Cross Wind Correction is set to Vair & Beta Input.
vair_beta	[°]	Wind Yaw Angle for cross wind correction. Only required if Cross Wind Correction is set to Vair & Beta Input.
Aux_ID	[kW]	Auxiliary Supply Power. Can be defined multiple times with different Identifiers. The supply power input for each auxiliary defined in the .vecto file with the corresponding ID. ID’s are not case sensitive and must only contain letters and numbers [a-z,A-Z,0-9]. Must be >= 0 kW.

Example:

<s> [m]	<v> [km/h]	<stop> [s]	<grad> [%]	<Padd> [kW]
0	10	10	2.95	1.5
1	20	0	2.97	1.3
2	35	0	3.03	1.3
3	50	0	2.99	1.3

Engineering Mode: Measured-Speed, Time-Based Cycle

This driving cycle defines the actual measured speed over time. Vecto tries to simulate the vehicle model using this speed as the actual vehicle speed. Due to differences in the real and simulated shift strategies a short difference in speed could occur, but Vecto immediately tries to catch up after the gear is engaged again.

Header: <t>, <v>[, <grad>][, <Padd>][, <vair_res>, <vair_beta>][, <Aux_ID>]

Identifier	Unit	Description
t	[s]	The absolute time. Must always be increasing.
v	[km/h]	The actual velocity of the vehicle. Must be >= 0 km/h.
Padd	[kW]	Additional auxiliary power demand. This power demand will be directly added to the engine power in addition to possible other auxiliaries. Must be >= 0 kW.
grad	[%]	The road gradient.
vair_res	[km/h]	Air speed relative to vehicle for cross wind correction. Only required if Cross Wind Correction is set to Vair & Beta Input.
vair_beta	[°]	Wind Yaw Angle for cross wind correction. Only required if Cross Wind Correction is set to Vair & Beta Input.
Aux_ID	[kW]	Auxiliary Supply Power. Can be defined multiple times with different Identifiers. The supply power input for each auxiliary defined in the .vecto file with the corresponding ID. ID’s are not case sensitive and must only contain letters and numbers [a-z,A-Z,0-9]. Must be >= 0 kW.

Example:

<t> [s]	<v> [km/h]	<grad> [%]	<Padd> [kW]
0	0	2.95	1.5
1	0.6	2.97	1.3
2	1.2	3.03	1.3
3	2.4	2.99	1.3

Engineering Mode: Measured-Speed With Gear, Time-Based Cycle

This driving cycle defines the actual measured speed of the vehicle, the gear, and the engine speed over time. It overrides the shift strategy of Vecto and also directly sets the engine speed.

Header: <t>, <v>, <n>, <gear>[, <grad>][, <Padd>][, <vair_res>, <vair_beta>][, <Aux_ID>]

Identifier	Unit	Description
t	[s]	The absolute time. Must always be increasing.
v	[km/h]	The actual velocity of the vehicle. Must be >= 0 km/h.
n	[rpm]	The actual engine speed. Must always be >= 0 rpm.
gear	[-]	The current gear. Must be >= 0 (0 is neutral).
Padd	[kW]	Additional auxiliary power demand. This power demand will be directly added to the engine power in addition to possible other auxiliaries. Must be >= 0 kW.
grad	[%]	The road gradient.
vair_res	[km/h]	Air speed relative to vehicle for cross wind correction. Only required if Cross Wind Correction is set to Vair & Beta Input.
vair_beta	[°]	Wind Yaw Angle for cross wind correction. Only required if Cross Wind Correction is set to Vair & Beta Input.
Aux_ID	[kW]	Auxiliary Supply Power. Can be defined multiple times with different Identifiers. The supply power input for each auxiliary defined in the .vecto file with the corresponding ID. ID’s are not case sensitive and must only contain letters and numbers [a-z,A-Z,0-9]. Must be >= 0 kW.

Example:

<t> [s]	<v> [km/h]	<n> [rpm]	<gear> [-]	<grad> [%]	<Padd> [kW]
0	0	600	0	2.95	1.5
1	0.6	950	3	2.97	1.3
2	1.2	1200	3	3.03	1.3
3	2.4	1400	3	2.99	1.3

Engineering Mode: Pwheel (SiCo), Time-Based

This driving cycle defines the power measured at the wheels over time. Vecto tries to simulate the vehicle with this power requirement.

Header: <t>, <Pwheel>, <gear>, <n>[, <Padd>]

Identifier	Unit	Quantity Description
t	[s]	The absolute time. Must always be increasing.
Pwheel	[kW]	Power at the wheels.
gear	[-]	The current gear. Must be >= 0 (0 is neutral).
n	[rpm]	The actual engine speed. Must be >= 0 rpm.
Padd	[kW]	Additional auxiliary power demand. This power demand will be directly added to the engine power. Must be >= 0 kW.

Example:

<t> [s]	<Pwheel> [kW]	<gear> [-]	<n> [rpm]	<Padd> [kW]
0	0	0	600	1.5
1	4.003	3	950	1.3
2	15.333	3	1200	1.3
3	50.56	3	1400	1.3

Engine Only Mode: Engine Only Driving Cycle

This driving cycle directly defines the power or torque at the output shaft of the engine over time. Vecto add the engine’s inertia to the given power demand and simulates the engine.

Header: <t>, <n>, (<Pe>|<Me>)[, <Padd>]

Identifier	Unit	Description
t	[s]	The absolute time. Must always be increasing.
n	[rpm]	The actual engine speed. Must be >= 0 rpm.
Pe	[kW]	The power at the output shaft of the engine. Either <Pe> or <Me> must be defined.
Me	[Nm]	The torque at the output shaft of the engine. Either <Pe> or <Me> must be defined.
Padd	[kW]	Additional auxiliary power demand. This power demand will be directly added to the engine power. Must be >= 0 kW.

Example:

<t> [s]	<n> [rpm]	<Pe> [kW]	<Padd> [kW]
0	600	0	1.5
1	950	25.3	1.3
2	1200	65.344	1.3
3	1400	110.1	1.3

To explicitly define motoring operation use the <DRAG> keyword as power demand (column <Pe> or <Me>). VECTO v2 replaces the keyword with the corresponding motoring torque/power from the drag curve during calculation (see Full Load and Drag Curve File).

Acceleration Limiting Input File (.vacc)

The file is used for Acceleration Limiting. It defines the acceleration and deceleration limits as function of vehicle speed. The filepath has to be defined in the Job File. The file uses the VECTO CSV format.

Filetype: .vacc
Header: v [km/h], acc [m/s^2], dec [m/s^2]
- v [km/h]: the vehicle speed. Must be >= 0 km/h.
- acc [m/s^2]: the maximum acceleration. Must be > 0 m/s^2.
- dec [m/s^2]: the maximum deceleration. Must be < 0 m/s^2.
Requires at least 2 data entries
Data should cover the whole possible range of vehicle speeds

Example Data:

v [km/h],acc [m/s^2],dec [m/s^2]
0       ,1          ,-1
25      ,1          ,-1
50      ,0.6        ,-1
60      ,0.5        ,-0.5
120     ,0.5        ,-0.5

Example Graph:

The graph shows the acceleration and deceleration limits depending on the current vehicle speed.

Modal Results (.vmod)

Modal results are only created if enabled in the Options tab. One file is created for each calculation and stored in the same directory as the .vecto file.

Quantities:

Name	Unit	Description
time	[s]	Time step.
dist	[km]	Travelled distance.
v_act	[km/h]	Actual vehicle speed.
v_targ	[km/h]	Target vehicle speed.
acc	[m/s²]	Vehicle acceleration.
grad	[%]	Road gradient.
n	[1/min]	Engine speed.
Tq_eng	[Nm]	Engine torque.
Tq_clutch	[Nm]	Torque at clutch (before clutch, engine-side)
Tq_full	[Nm]	Full load torque
Tq_drag	[Nm]	Motoring torque
Pe_eng	[kW]	Engine power.
Pe_full	[kW]	Engine full load power.
Pe_drag	[kW]	Engine drag power.
Pe_clutch	[kW]	Engine power at clutch (equals Pe minus loss due to rotational inertia Pa Eng).
Gear	[-]	Gear. “0” = clutch opened / neutral.
Ploss GB	[kW]	Gearbox losses.
Ploss Diff	[kW]	Losses in differential / axle transmission.
Ploss Retrader	[kW]	Retarder losses.
Pa Eng	[kW]	Rotational acceleration power: Engine.
Pa GB	[kW]	Rotational acceleration power: Gearbox.
Pa Veh	[kW]	Vehicle acceleration power.
Proll	[kW]	Rolling resistance power demand.
Pair	[kW]	Air resistance power demand.
Pgrad	[kW]	Power demand due to road gradient.
Paux	[kW]	Total auxiliary power demand.
Pwheel	[kW]	Total power demand at wheel = sum of rolling, air, acceleration and road gradient resistance.
Pbrake	[kW]	Brake power. Drag power is included in Pe.
Paux_xxx	[kW]	Power demand of Auxiliary with ID xxx. See also Aux Dialog and Driving Cycle.
FC-Map	[g/h]	Fuel consumption interpolated from FC map.
FC-AUXc	[g/h]	Fuel consumption after Auxiliary-Start/Stop Correction. (Based on FC.)
FC-WHTCc	[g/h]	Fuel consumption after WHTC Correction. (Based on FC-AUXc.)
TCv	[-]	Torque converter speed ratio
TCµ	[-]	Torque converter torque ratio
TC_M_Out	[Nm]	Torque converter output torque
TC_n_Out	[1/min]	Torque converter output speed

In Vecto 3.0.2 the structure of the modal data output has been revised and re-structured. Basicaly for every powertrain component the .vmod file contains the power at the input shaft and the individual power losses for every component. For the engine the power, torque and engine speed at the output shaft is given along with the internal power and torque used for computing the fuel consumption. The following table lists the columns in the .vmod file:

Quantities:

Name	Unit	Description
time	[s]	Absolute time. Timestamp at the middle of the current simulation interval [time - dt/2, time + dt/2]
dt	[s]	Length of the current simulation interval
dist	[m]	Distance the vehicle traveled at the end of the current simulation interval
v_act	[km/h]	Average vehicle speed in the current simulation interval
v_targ	[km/h]	Target speed
acc	[m/s^2]	Vehicle’s acceleration, constant during the current simulation interval
grad	[%]	Road gradient
Gear	[-]	Gear. “0” = clutch opened / neutral
n_eng_avg	[1/min]	Average engine speed in the current simulation interval. Used for interpolation of the engine’s fuel consumption
T_eng_fcmap	[Nm]	Engine torque used for interpolation of the engine’s fuel consumption. T_eng_fcmap is the sum of torque demand on the output shaft, torque demand of the auxiliaries, and engine’s inertia torque
Tq_full	[Nm]	Engine’s transient maximum torque (see transient full load)
Tq_drag	[Nm]	Engine’s drag torque, interpolated from the full-load curve
P_eng_fcmap	[kW]	Total power the engine has to provide, computed from n_eng_avg and T_eng_fcmap
P_eng_full	[kW]	Engine’s transient maximum power (see transient full load)
P_eng_drag	[kW]	Engine’s drag power
P_eng_inertia	[kW]	Power loss/gain due to the engine’s inertia
P_eng_out	[kW]	Power provided at the engine’s output shaft
P_clutch_loss	[kW]	Power loss in the clutch due to slipping when driving off
P_clutch_out	[kW]	Power at the clutch’s out shaft. P_clutch_out = P_eng_out - P_clutch_loss
P_aux	[kW]	Total power demand by the auxiliaries
P_gbx_in	[kW]	Power at the gearbox’ input shaft
P_gbx_loss	[kW]	Power loss at the gerbox, interpolated from the loss-map
P_gbx_inertia	[kW]	Power loss due to the gearbox’ inertia
P_ret_in	[kW]	Power at the retarder’s input shaft. P_ret_in = P_gbx_in - P_gbx_loss - P_gbx_inertia
P_ret_loss	[kW]	Power loss at the retarder, interpolated from the loss-map
P_axle_in	[kW]	Power at the axle-gear input shaft. P_axle_in = P_ret_in - P_ret_loss
P_axle_loss	[kW]	Power loss at the axle gear, interpolated from the loss-map
P_brake_in	[kW]	Power at the brake input shaft (definition: serially mounted into the drive train between wheels and axle). P_brake_in = P_axle_in - P_axle_loss
P_brake_loss	[kW]	Power loss due to braking
P_wheel_in	[kW]	Power at the driven wheels. P_wheel_in = P_brake_in - P_brake_loss
P_wheel_inertia	[kW]	Power loss due to the wheels’ inertia
P_trac	[kW]	Vehicle’s traction power. P_trac = P_wheel_in - P_wheel_inertia
P_slope	[kW]	Power loss/gain due to the road’s slope
P_air	[kW]	Power loss due to air drag
P_roll	[kW]	Rolling resistance power loss
P_veh_inertia	[kW]	Power loss due to the vehicle’s inertia
FC-Map	[g/h]	Fuel consumption interpolated from FC map.
FC-AUXc	[g/h]	Fuel consumption after Auxiliary-Start/Stop Correction (based on FC)
FC-WHTCc	[g/h]	Fuel consumption after WHTC Correction (based on FC-AUXc)

Summary Results (.vsum)

The .vsum file includes total / average results for each calculation run in one execution (ie. click of START Button). The file is located in the directory of the fist run .vecto file.

Quantities:

Name	Unit	Description
Job	[-]	Job number in the format “X-Y” (with X as filenumber, and Y as cycle number)
Input File	[-]	Name of the input job file (.vecto)
Cycle	[-]	Name of the cycle file (or cycle name in declaration mode)
Status	[-]	The result status of the run (Success, Aborted)
Mass	[kg]	Vehicle mass (Curb Weight Vehicle + Curb Weight Extra Trailer/Body, see Vehicle Editor)
Loading	[kg]	Vehicle loading (see Vehicle Editor)
time	[s]	Total simulation time
distance	[km]	Total traveled distance
speed	[km/h]	Average vehicle speed
altitudeDelta	[m]	Altitude difference between start and end of cycle
FC-Map	[g/h], [g/km]	Average fuel consumption before all corrections, interpolated from Fuel Map, based on torque and engine speed.
FC-AUXc	[g/h], [g/km]	Average fuel consumption after Auxiliary-Start/Stop Correction (Based on FC-Map)
FC-WHTCc	[g/h], [g/km]	Average fuel consumption after WHTC Correction (Based on FC-AUXc)
FC-AAUX	[g/h], [g/km]	Average fuel consumption after Smart Auxiliary Correction (still in development) (Based on FC-WHTCc)
FC-Final	[g/h], [g/km], [l/100km], [l/100tkm]	Final average fuel consumption after ALL corrections. Value for calculation of CO₂ value. Output for [l/100tkm] is empty when Loading = 0[kg].
CO2	[g/km], [g/tkm]	Average CO₂ emissions (based on FC-Final value). Output for [l/100tkm] is empty when Loading = 0[kg].
P_wheel_in_pos	[kW]	Average positive power at the wheels
P_brake_loss	[kW]	Average brake power losses (not including engine drag)
P_eng_out_pos	[kW]	Average positive engine power (all non-negative values averaged over the whole cycle duration)
P_eng_out_neg	[kW]	Average negative engine power (all non-positive values averaged over the whole cycle duration)
E_aux_xxx	[kWh]	Total energy demand of auxiliary with ID xxx. See also Aux Dialog and Driving Cycle. In Declaration Mode the following auxiliaries always exists: E_aux_FAN (Fan), E_aux_PS (Pneumatic System), E_aux_STP (Steering Pump), E_aux_ES (Electrical System), E_aux_AC (Air Condition)
E_aux_sum	[kWh]	Total energy demand of all auxiliaries
E_air	[kWh]	Total work of air resistance
E_roll	[kWh]	Total work of rolling resistance
E_grad	[kWh]	Total work of gradient resistance
E_inertia	[kWh]	Total work of gearbox and engine inertia
E_brake	[kWh]	Total work dissipated in mechanical braking (sum of service brakes, retader and additional engine exhaust brakes)
E_gbx_axl_loss	[kWh]	Total transmission energy losses at gearbox and axlegear
E_ret_loss	[kWh]	Total retarder energy loss
E_tc_loss	[kWh]	Total torque converter energy loss
E_eng_out_pos	[kWh]	Total positive engine work
E_eng_out_neg	[kWh]	Total negative engine work (engine drag)
a	[m/s²]	Average acceleration
a_pos	[m/s²]	Average acceleration in acceleration phases (a_3s > 0.125 [m/s²], a_3s = 3-seconds-averaged acceleration)
a_neg	[m/s²]	Average deceleration in deceleration phases (a_3s < 0.125 [m/s²], a_3s = 3-seconds-averaged acceleration)
AccelerationTimeShare	[%]	Time share of acceleration phases (a_3s > 0.125 [m/s²], a_3s = 3-seconds-averaged acceleration)
DecelerationTimeShare	[%]	Time share of deceleration phases (a_3s < 0.125 [m/s²], a_3s = 3-seconds-averaged acceleration)
CruiseTimeShare	[%]	Time share of cruise phases (-0.125 ≤ a_3s ≤ 0.125 [m/s²])
StopTimeShare	[%]	Time share of stop phases (v < 0.1 [m/s])

Application Files

VECTO uses a numbers of files to save GUI settings and file lists. All files are text-based and can be changed outside of VECTO if VECTO is not running.

Settings.json

This file is located in VECTO’s config folder. Here all parameters of the Settings Dialog are saved. The file uses the JSON format.

Job / Cycle lists

The job and cycle lists in the Main Form are saved in the joblist.txt / cyclelist.txt files of the config folder.

Both files save the full file paths separated by line breaks. Additionally it is saved whether each file’s checkbox is checked or not. “?1” after a file path means the file is checked (otherwise “?0”). However, this information can be omitted in which case the file will be loaded in checked state.

LOG.txt

The tabulator-separated log file saves all messages of the Main Form’s Message List and is located in VECTO’s program directory. The file is restarted whenever the Logfile Size Limit is reached.One backup is always stored as LOG_backup.txt.

License file

The license file license.dat is located in VECTO’s program directory. Without a valid lisence file VECTO won’t run.

It no valid license file is provided with your VECTO version please contact vecto@jrc.ec.europa.eu.

Changelog

VECTO 3.0.2

Build 434 (2016-03-10)

New simulation modes:
- Measured Speed
- Measured Speed with Gear
- Pwheel (SiCo)
Adaptations of powertrain components architecture
- Move wheels inertia from vehicle to wheels
- Auxiliaries no longer connected via clutch to the engine but via a separate port
- Engine checks overload of gearbox and engine overload
Fixed some driving behavior related issues in VectoCore:
- When the vehicle comes to a halt during gear shift, instead of aborting the cycle, it tries to drive away again with an appropriate gear.
ModData Format changed for better information and clarity
Entries in the sum-file are sorted in the same way as in Vecto 2.2
In engineering mode the execution mode (distance-based, time-based measured speed, time-based measured speed with gear, engine only) are detected based on the cycle
Added validation of input values
Gravity constant set to 9.80665 (NIST standard acceleration for gravity)
Improved input data handling: sort input values of full-load curves (engine, gbx, retarder)
Better Integration of VectoCore into GUI (Notifications and Messages)
Speed dependent cross-wind correction (vcdv) and v_air/beta cross-wind correction (vcdb) impemented
For all calculations the averaged values of the current simulation step are used for interpolations in loss-maps.
Allow extrapolation of loss maps in engineering mode (warnings)
Refactoring of input data handling: separate InputDataProvider interfaces for model data
Refactoring of result handling: separate result container and output writer
New Long-Haul driving cycle included
User Manual updated for VECTO V3.x
Fix: sparse representation of declaration cycles had some missing entries
Bugfix: error in computation of engine’s preferred speed
Bugfix: wrong vehicle class lookup
Bugfix: duplicate entries in intersected full-load curves
Bugfix: retarder takes the retarder ratio into account for lossmap lookup
Bugfix: use unique identifier for jobs in job list
Bugfix: error in triagulation of fuel consumption map

Build 448 (2016-03-24)

Bugfix: set WHTC factors to a valid default value in engineering mode
Bugfix: first page of declaration report was missing
fixed inconsistencies in user manual
Bugfix: better error message roll resistance calculation could not be calculated
Bugfix: measured speed now calculates distance correctly
Bugfix: measured speed fills missing moddata columns (acc, dist, grad)
Bugfix: better error message when driving cycle is missing.
Bugfix: vectocmd errormsg when writing progress

Build 466 (2016-04-11)

Bugfix: calculation of CO2 consumption based on FC-Final (instead of FC-map)
Bugfix: acceleration in .vmod was 0 in certain cases (error in output)
Bugfix: syncronized access to cycle cache (declaration)

VECTO 3.0.1

TODO
TODO
TODO

VECTO 3.0

TODO
TODO
TODO

VECTO 2.2

Bugfix: Error in Declaration Mode Pneumatic System aux power calculation ([kW] were interpreted as [W])
Bugfix: Error in Declaration Mode Electric System aux power calculation
Moved gear-specific Full Load Curves to Gearbox File
Combined Drag Coefficient * Cross Sectional Area in one input parameter
Updated .vgbx file format (Added gear-specific Full Load Curves)
Updated .veng file format (Removed gear-specific Full Load Curves)
Updated .vveh file format (Combined Drag Coefficient * Cross Sectional Area in one parameter)
Updated Generic Vehicles (new file formats)
Removed WHTC Correction Factor Calculation. Now in external tool, VECTO-Engine.
Test Options are now only available in Engineering Mode
Gearbox Editor now shows generic and user-defined shift polygons (if available)
Various small updates in GUI
Added ‘Create JIRA Issue’ dialog

VECTO 2.1.4

Bugfixes in start gear and (A)MT shift model
Updated Coach .vcdv file for higher speeds to avoid extrapolation
Renamed output “FC” to “FC-Map” for better clarification
Same header for g/h and g/km output
Reduced minimum turbine speed for 1C-to-2C AT up-shift condition from 900 to 700rpm.
Updated cross wind correction parameters to current White Book values

VECTO 2.1.3

PwheelPos output in VSUM file.
Implemented new Cd*A(v) method
Bugfix in TC model
Bugfix: Unit error in Cd(v) methods caused incorrect Delta-Cd value being used

VECTO 2.1.2

Improved TC iteration for higher precision
Extended possible TC speed ratio

VECTO 2.1.1

Bugfix: Incorrect torque calculation in AT/TC model caused early up-shifts
Updated C-to-C shift strategy with acc_min rule (see V2.1)

VECTO 2.1

Automatic Transmission / Torque Converter Model
- Limit engine rpm in torque converter operation acc. > acc_min
- Shift up (C-to-L, L-to-L) if acc. > acc_min and next-gear-rpm > threshold
- C-to-C up-shift condition based on N80h engine speed (instead of N95h)
Pwheel-Input (SiCo Mode)
FC [g/h] is always saved in output (in addition to [g/km]), not only
in Engine Only mode
GUI: Corrected air density unit in GUI
Bugfix: Format error in .vmod header

VECTO 2.0.4-beta4_Test (Test Release)

Transmission loss extrapolation Errors are now Warnings in Engineering Mode.
Bugfix: Error in TC Iteration caused crash
Bugfix: Minimizing Graph window caused crash
Fixed error in cycle conversion
Errors if full load curve is too “short”

VECTO 2.0.4-beta3

Bugfix: VECTO didn’t check if the full load curve covers the speed range up to nhi. Now it will abort if the full load curve is “too short”
Update in Torque Convert model: Allowed engine speed range up to n95h (before: Pmax-speed)
Bugfix: Rare crashes caused by gear shift model
Bugfix: Error in engine inertia power calculation
Torque Converter losses in modal results
Implemented speed profile cleaning for very small values. (Caused shifting back to first gear when decelerating.)
DEV Option for advanced CSV format output (units line, additional info)

VECTO 2.0.4-beta2

Bugfix: VECTO freezed if torque converter creeping was not possible due to low full load torque. Now it will abort with error message.
Bugfix: Small fixes in torque converter model

VECTO 2.0.4-beta1

Updated CSV format of some declaration config files
Various bugfixes in AT model
rdyn validation
Fixed bug in map interpolation
Added ..\Developer Guide\Segment Table Description.xlsx
Fixed bug that caused engine power > full load

VECTO 2.0.4-beta

AT update for 1C2C gearboxes
Warning when opening or running files if file was created in different mode (Declaration/Engineering Mode)

VECTO 2.0.3-beta0

Implemented engine-side TC inertia input parameter in GBX file
Updated User Manual for TC inertia
Relabeled “OK” buttons to “Save” in input file editors

VECTO 2.0.2-beta2

AT/TC Update
Various smaller fixes

VECTO 2.0.2-beta1

AT/TC Update
Engine inertia power demand (PaEng) is now always calculated based on the previous engine speed rather than vehicle acceleration.
Various smaller fixes

VECTO 2.0.1-beta1-hotfix.VECTO-33

Fixed VECTO-34
Updated .vsum(.json)
- Added l/100km and CO2 results. (Fixed VECTO-33)
- Added FC-Final.
- Added Loading. (json)
- Added missing fuel parameters. (json)
Updated README.md

VECTO 2.0.1-beta1

Updated Segment Table header
Fixed Eco Roll (VECTO-30)
Fixed Cycles in VECTO Editor being overwritten in Engineering Mode (VECTO-31)

VECTO 2.0.1-beta0

Update Notes > Release Notes
Segment Table header

VECTO 2.0

Updated CSV file format. Now only one header with units included.
Changed input file comment symbol form “c” to “#”.
Replaced old Demo/Default Data with “Demo Vehicles”
Updated User Manual
Declaration Mode
Updated GUI including Charts
New internal Graph for VMOD files (replaces GRAPHi)
Shift polygons can be set separately for each gear
Removed rated power (not used anymore)
Removed rated engine speed form engine file. Now calculated form vfld file.

VECTO 1.4.RC8

Bugfix: Eco Roll didn’t go into motoring operation when Overspeed-Limit was reached (could cause higher FC than Overspeed Mode)
Minor update in demo data (12t motoring curve)

VECTO 1.4.RC7

Bugfix: Error in road gradient resulted in altitude error
Speed reduction in smaller steps to get closer to full load curve (before speed was sometimes reduced too much and caused problem with gear shifting)
Updates in demo data

VECTO 1.4.RC6

Bugfix in torque converter calculation

VECTO 1.4.RC5

Bugfix: Gears using torque converter and transmission loss maps may cause invalid “out of engine operation range” errors
Null values for FzISO will abort calculation
Exact road gradient calculation (sin(arctan(grad)*m*g) instead of grad*m*g) and road gradient influence on roll resistance (cos(arctan(grad)*m*g instead of m*g)
Torque converter update: rpms over rated speed are not allowed.
Fixed Wheels inertia in Demo Data

VECTO 1.4.RC4

Bugfix: FC interpolation failed when load points matched map points exactly.
Bugfix: Invalid “FC= -10000!” errors when outside of FC-Map
Bugfix: Vehicle stand-still at end of cycle was ignored (distance-based cycles only)
FC extrapolation will not abort calculation. Invalid FC values are marked in output as “ERROR”.
No abortion if transmission output and input torque have different signs
(In>0, Out<0). (Caused “Transmission Loss Map invalid” error messages)
Eco-Roll revised. New rules:
- Engages if Pwheel < 0
- Disengages if Underspeed is reached.
Look-Ahead Coasting now uses real coasting also if road gradient > 0 which means the coasting deceleration can be so high that no braking is necessary. In this case the braking phase will be omitted and the total deceleration time can be shorter than expected by the given target coasting deceleration.
“Minimum (actual) speed” instead of “Min. Target Speed” for Eco-Roll,
Overspeed and Look Ahead Coasting
Major update in Gearbox/Toque Converter:
- Torque converter can be defined in multiple gears
- Same gear numbers in output as in GBX file, i.e. first gear with TC is not “TC” or “0.5” but simply “1”
- “Minimum time between two gear shifts” now also limits torque converter shifts
- Unlimited number of gears and new gear list in GUI without fixed gear number
- Improved gear shift model for torque converter
- Driving Cycle Preprocessing and Gear Shift Model now use approximated efficiency values based in the transmission loss maps. Reduces calculation time significantly with little to no impact on fuel consumption.
Full load and drag curves (.vfld) can be defined for each gear separately.
Bugfix: Distance Correction didn’t work right with Look Ahead Coasting. Now distance error is acceptable but at the cost of partly interrupted coasting phases. Should be revised in future updates.
Engine Only Mode: Engine motoring points can be defined explicitly in load cycle with “<DRAG>”
When speed is under 5km/h and engine in motoring operating then gearbox shifts to Neutral
Load-dependent rolling resistance coefficient
Start-Stop activation delay time can be defined in job file
File signing features added:
- After each calculation a signature file (.vsig) is created which includes signatures for all input and result files. The file itself is also signed.
- Signature files can be verified or manually created under “Tools” > “Sign or Verify Files”
Changes in header and new parameters in modal results (.vmod):
- engine speed => n
- torque => Tq_eng
- Pe => Pe_eng
- New: Tq_clutch = torque at clutch (before clutch, engine-side)
- New: Tq_full = full load torque
- New: Tq_drag = drag torque
- Removed: Pe_norm, n_norm -Changes in summary results (.vsum)
- Total altitude change instead of average gradient
- Auxiliary energy consumption for each auxiliary
Removed: Pe_norm, n_norm
Same job file list for BATCH and STANDARD (Job file list does not change when switching mode)
Updated some error messages (units)
Driving Cycle stop times corrected (No more zero stop times).

54 matches across 9 files

Searching 97 files for “#batch” (regex)

VECTO 1.3.1.1

Fixed error in power calculation (rotatory part of acceleration force)

VECTO 1.3.1

Fixed assembly information

VECTO 1.3

Some file-specific error messages link to files
Eco-Roll, Overspeed, Look Ahead Coasting

VECTO 1.2

Engine Start/Stop implemented
Bugfix: Fixed error in FC interpolation (invalid extrapolation errors)
FC Extrapolation will abort the calculation
Transmission Type selection in Gearbox (.vgbx) file.
- Enables/Disables transmission type-specific options
- In Proof-Of-Concept mode “Custom” type is available with all options enabled.
Automatic Transmission mode with Torque converter: Input parameters in Gearbox file !!still being tested!!
Option to open files with GRAPHi or user-defined tool
User Manual updated
Bugfix: Files with relative paths were not located correctly
Corrected comment line for wheels inertia and axle config in .vveh file
Changed RRC unit in GUI from [-] to [N/N]
Tranmission Loss Maps are not converted to n,Pe-Maps anymore. Should fix non-linear interpolation effects.
Engine Only Mode

VECTO 1.1

Speed values below 0.09km/h are set to 0km/h
New gear shift model
- Replaces old gear shift model!
- New parameters in .vgbx file including path to gear shift polygons file
- Old gear shift model parameters removed from .vecto file
Command Line Arguments processing (see User Manual):
- Changed prefix form “/” to “-”
- Bugfix: Argument “-run” was not processed
- Job files and driving cycles can be added via command line
- Files without path are expected in the Working Directory
User Manual update for command line arguments
Various fixes in GUI
Bugfix: Error in Cycle Conversion (distance- to time-based) when using Aux Power Input.
Distance Correction is now active only in acceleration and cruise phases.
Fixed cycles starting with vehicle speed = 0. In V1.0 the first and second time step were averaged to speed values > 0.
Demo data updated for new gear shift model
New independent licensing dll replaces TUG’s version