Table of contents
Introduction
VECTO is the simulation tool that has been developed by the European Commission and is used for determining CO2 emissions and Fuel Consumption from Heavy Duty Vehicles (trucks, buses and coaches) with a Gross Vehicle Weight above 3500kg.
Since 1 January 2019, the tool is mandatory for new trucks under certain vehicle categories in application to the certification legislation under type approval.
CO2 emissions and fuel consumption data determined with VECTO, together with other related parameters, must be monitored and reported to the Commission by Member States and manufacturers, and made publicly available for each of those new trucks.
Five different mission profiles for trucks and five different mission profiles for buses and coaches have been developed and implemented in the tool to better reflect the current European fleet. VECTO is a downloadable executable file designed to operate on a single computer.
The inputs for VECTO are characteristic parameters to determine the power consumption of every relevant vehicle component. Among others, the parameters for rolling resistance, air drag, masses and inertias, gearbox friction, auxiliary power and engine performance are input values to simulate fuel consumption and CO2 emissions on standardised driving cycles.
Regulations
Towing vehicle
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(EU) 2022/1379
Amending Regulation (EU) 2017/2400 as regards the determination of the CO2 emissions and fuel consumption of medium and heavy lorries and heavy buses and to introduce electric vehicles and other new technologies -
(EU) 2019/318
Amending Regulation (EU) 2017/2400 and Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the determination of the CO2 emissions and fuel consumption of heavy-duty vehicles -
(EU) 2017/2400
This Regulation complements the legal framework for the type-approval of motor vehicles and engines with regard to emissions and vehicle repair and maintenance information established by Regulation (EU) No 582/2011 by laying down the rules for issuing licences to operate a simulation tool with a view to determining CO2 emissions and fuel consumption of new vehicles to be sold, registered or put into service in the Union and for operating that simulation tool and declaring the CO2 emissions and fuel consumption values thus determined
Trailer
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(EU) 2022/1362
Performance of heavy-duty trailers with regard to their influence on the CO2 emissions, fuel consumption, energy consumption and zero emission driving range of motor vehicles
CO2 emission standards
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(EU) 2019/1242
This Regulation sets CO2 emission performance requirements for new heavy-duty vehicles whereby the specific CO2 emissions of the Union fleet of new heavy-duty vehicles shall be reduced compared to the reference CO2 emissions as follows:
(a) for the reporting periods of the year 2025 onwards by 15 %;
(b) for the reporting periods of the year 2030 onwards by 30 %, unless decided otherwise pursuant to the review referred to in Article 15.
The reference CO2 emissions shall be based on the monitoring data reported pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2018/956 for the period from 1 July 2019 to 30 June 2020 (‘the reference period’), excluding vocational vehicles, and shall be calculated in accordance with point 3 of Annex I to this Regulation.
Papers and reports
- Broekaert, S., & Fontaras, G. (2022). CO2 emissions of the European heavy-duty vehicle fleet. Luxembourg: European Commission. DOI: 10.2760/764148.
- Zacharof, N., Fontaras, G., Ciuffo, B., Tansini, A., & Prado-Rujas, I. (2021). An estimation of heavy-duty vehicle fleet CO2 emissions based on sampled data. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 94, 102784. DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2021.102784.
- Tansini, A., Fontaras, G., Ciuffo, B., Millo, F., Rujas, I. P., & Zacharof, N. (2019). Calculating heavy-duty truck energy and fuel consumption using correlation formulas derived from vecto simulations. SAE Technical Paper Series. DOI: 10.4271/2019-01-1278.
- Zacharof, N., Tansini, A., Rujas, I. P., Grigoratos, T., & Fontaras, G. (2019). A generalized component efficiency and input-data generation model for creating fleet-representative vehicle simulation cases in VECTO (No. 2019-01-1280). SAE Technical Paper. DOI: 10.4271/2019-01-1280.
- Tansini, A., Nikiforos-Georios, Z., Prado Rujas, I., & Fontaras, G. (2018). Analysis of VECTO data for Heavy-Duty Vehicles (HDV) CO2 emission targets. Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg, Brussels. DOI: 10.2760/551250.
- Fontaras, G., Grigoratos, T., Savvidis, D., Anagnostopoulos, K., Luz, R., Rexeis, M., & Hausberger, S. (2016). An experimental evaluation of the methodology proposed for the monitoring and certification of CO2 emissions from heavy-duty vehicles in Europe. Energy, 102, 354-364. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.02.076.
- Fontaras, G., Rexeis, M., Dilara, P., Hausberger, S., & Anagnostopoulos, K. (2013). The development of a simulation tool for monitoring heavy-duty vehicle CO2 emissions and fuel consumption in europe (No. 2013-24-0150). SAE Technical Paper. DOI: 10.4271/2013-24-0150.
Presentations
09/03/2022: Workshop on complete(d) buses